Araştırma Makalesi
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The Evaluation of the Cities in Turkey According to the Dimensions of Sustainability

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 3, 511 - 544, 22.10.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002322

Öz

Through this article, all the cities in Turkey have been examined within the frame of economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability via TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), one of the “Multi Criteria Decision Making” methods. It is foreseen that all the social stakeholders of the city may agree on the new and different public policies with the governance mechanism by exposing the status of the cities according to various dimensions. The sustainability indicators for the implementation phase were developed by studying the indexes of the related literature. To assess the sustainability of all 81 cities, 52 sustainability indicators were used as the sub dimensions of the social, economical and environmental dimensions. As a result of the analysis of the cities via TOPSIS method, sequentially Kocaeli, Istanbul and Ankara took the top three positions according to the Sustainability Index of the Cities. It is evaluated that, the findings achieved from this study, in which the cities in Turkey are analyzed within the frame of sustainability, will especially contribute to drawing advantage from the governance mechanism by the municipality administrations in the formation process of new public policies, in the accommodation of a balance between the benefits and the costs of all stakeholders and thus in the applicability of the decisions those were taken for the sake of sustainable development in the cities.

Kaynakça

  • Agenda 21 (1992), “Programme of Action for Sustainable Development”, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, (Brazil).
  • Aktaş, Ramazan, Türkay Kısa, Mete Doğanay ve Armağan Tarım (2001), Karar Analizleri (Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Basımevi).
  • Bai, Chunguang Bai, Dileep Dhavale ve, Joseph Sarkis (2014), “Integrating Fuzzy C-Means and TOPSIS for performance evaluation: An application and comparative analysis”, Expert Systems with Applications, 4:1 (2014) 4186–41
  • Behzadian, Majid, S. Khanmohammadi Otaghsara, Yazdani Morteza ve Ignatius Joshua (2012), “A State-of theart Survey of TOPSIS Applications”, Expert Systems with Applications, 39: 13051 –13069.
  • Chang, Hsueh-Sheng ve ShengLin Chiu (2013), “Discussion on Sustainable Land Use Allocation toward the Sustainable City –A Practice on Linco New Town”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 408 –4
  • Doğanay, Mete (2002), “Hisse Senedi Fonlarının Çok Kriterli Karar Yaklaşımı ile Derecelendirilmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(3): 31–47. DPT (2012), Ka mu Yatırımları, http://www2.dpt.gov.tr/ kamuyat/ il.html?0_35 (17.08.2013).
  • EUROSTAT, (EC) (2011), Sustainable Development in the European Union: 2011, Monitoring Report of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache /ITY_OFFPUB/ KS-31-11-224/EN/KS-31-11-224EN.PDF (04.11.2013).
  • Evans, Graeme ve Jo Foord (2006), “Small Cities for a Small Country: Sustaining the Cultural Renaissance?”, İçinde David Bell ve Mark Jayne (Ed.), Small Cities: Urban Experience beyond the Metropolis, (New York: Routledge), 159 –1
  • Forum for the Future (2010), The Sustainable Cities Index, http://www.forumforthefuture. org/sites/default/files/images/Forum/Projects/Sustainable_Cities_Index/Sustainable_Citie s_Index_2010_FINAL_15-10-10.pdf (08.10.2013).
  • Gazibey, Yavuz ve F.Canan Çilingir, (2012), “Determining Solar Photovoltaic Technologies to Be Focuse d in Turkey Using TOPSIS Method”, 6th International Ege Energy Symposium & Exhibition, June 28-30, Izmir, Turkey. F.Canan Çilingir ile birlikte (Birinci Yazar)
  • Gümüş, Alev Taşkın (2009) Gümüş, “Evaluation of hazardous waste transportation firms by using a two step fuzzyAHP and TOPSIS methodology”, Expert Systems with Applications, 36: (2009) 4067–40
  • Higgins, Paul ve Josep M. Campanera (2011), “(Sustainable) Quality of Life in English City Locations”, Cities, 28: 290–299.
  • Hwang, Ching-Lai ve Yoon, K. Paul (1981), Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications, (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
  • İç , Yusuf Tansel (2014) İç, “A TOPSIS based design of experiment approach to assess company ranking”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 227: (2014) 630-–647.
  • Johnson, Louise C. (2009), Cultural Capitals: Revaluing the Arts, Remaking Urbanspaces, (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing).
  • Joshi, Rohit, D.K. Banwet ve Ravi Shankar (2011), “A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS Based Benchmarking Framework for Performance İmprovement of a Cold Chain”, Expert Systems with Applications, 38:10170 –10182.
  • Khare, Anshuman, Terry Beckman, ve Nolan Crouse (2011), “Cities addressing climate change: Introducing a tripartite model for sustainable partnership”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 1(4): 227 –2
  • Lu, Jie, Guangquan Zhang, Da Ruan ve Fengjie Wu (2007), Multi-Objective Group Decision Making Methods, Software and Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques, (London: Imperial College Pres).
  • Maliye Bakanlığı (MB) (2013), Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, http://www.gib.gov.tr/fileadmin/user_upload /VI/GBG/Tablo_54.xls ( 23.10.2013).
  • MasterCard Worldwide ve Boğaziçi Üniversitesi (MA ve BÜ) (2011), Türkiye’nin Şehirleri Sürdürülebilirlik Araştırması, İstanbul 2011, http://www.mastercard.com/tr/personal/tr/promotions/ Turkiyenin_Illeri_Surdurulebilirlik_Arastirmasi.pdf (25.03.2014).
  • Mccormick, Kes, Stefan Ander berg, Lars Coenen, ve Lena Neij (2013), “Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 50: 1–11.
  • Menger, Pierre-Michel (2010), “Cultural Policies in Europe from a State to a City-Centered Perspective on Cultural Generativity”, Discussion Paper No. 10-28, GRIPS Policy Research Center,.1 –
  • Mori, Koichiro ve Aris Christodoulou (2012), “Review of Sustainability Indices and Indicators: Towards a New City Sustainability Index (CSI)”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 32(1): 94 –
  • Munier, Nolberto (2011), A Strategy for Using Multicriteria Analysis in Decision-Making, (London: Springer).
  • Ness, Barry, Evelin UrbelPiirsalu, Stefan Anderberg, ve Lennart Olsson (2007), “Categorising Tools for Sustainability Assessment”, Ecological Economics, 60(3): 498–508.
  • Ogbazi, Joy U. (2013), “Alternative Planning Approaches and the Sustainable Cities Programme in Nigeria”, Habitat International, 40: 109–118.
  • Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa, Nurwati Badarulzaman ve Mastura Jaafar (2012), “City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable Urbanization in Developing World”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36:623 –6
  • Ratiu, Dan Eugen (2013), “Creative Cities and/or Sustainable Cities: Discourses and Practices”, City, Culture and Society, 4: 125 –1
  • Ravindran A. Ravi (2009), Operations Research Methodologies, (New York: Taylor & Francis Group).
  • Singh, Rajesh Kumar, H.R. Murty, S.K. Gupta ve A.K. Dikshit, (2012), “An Overview of Sustainability Assessment Methodologies”, Ecological Indicators, 15: 281–299.
  • Sustainable Cities International (SCI) (2012), “Indicators for Sustainability: How Cities are Monitoring and Evaluating Their Success”, http://www.sustainablecities.net/ourresources/document-library/cat_view/ 20-our-resources/21-indicators (08.10.2013).
  • Taşdoğan, Celal Taşdoğan, M. Şükrü Mollavelioğlu ve, Hakan Mıhcı (2014), “Türkiye’nin Kentsel Çevresel Sürdürülebilirliğinin Kategorik Veri Zarflama Analiziyle Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 69(1), No. 1, 2014, s. :141 - 164.
  • TÜİK (2011), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Göstergeleri 2000–2009, (Ankara).
  • TÜİK (2013), Bölgesel Göstergeler, http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/Bolgesel/sorguGiris.do (12.09.2013). Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (TBB) (2013), Banka ve Sektör Bilgileri, http://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/banka-vesektor-bilgileri/veri-sorgulama-sistemi/illere-ve-bolgelere -gore-bilgiler/73 (17.10.2013). UN- HABITAT, (2008a), State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities, Earthscan, (London).
  • UN- HABITAT, (2008b), State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide, Earthscan, (London).
  • UN- HABITAT, (2013), State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities, Routledge, (New York).
  • United Nations (2001), Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, Second Edition, (New York).
  • United Nations (2007), Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, Third Edition, (New York).

Türkiye'de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 3, 511 - 544, 22.10.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002322

Öz

Bu makalede, Türkiye‟deki tüm iller, sürdürülebilirliğin ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel boyutları açısından “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme” yöntemlerinden biri olan TOPSIS (İdeal Noktalarda Çok Boyutlu Ağırlıklandırma Yöntemi) ile analiz edilmiştir. Şehirlerin durumlarının farklı boyutlar açısından ortaya konması suretiyle, tüm sosyal paydaşların, yönetişim mekanizması çerçevesinde şekillenecek yeni ve farklı kamu politikaları üzerinde anlaşabilecekleri öngörülmüştür. Akademik yazında sürdürülebilirliği ölçmek maksadıyla kullanılan çeşitli indeksler ve göstergeler karşılaştırılmış ve uygulama bölümünde kullanılacak olan sürdürülebilirlik göstergeleri oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada, 81 ilin sürdürülebilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla sosyal, ekonomik ve çevre boyutlarına ilişkin alt boyutlara ait 52 sürdürülebilirlik göstergesi kullanılmıştır. İllerin TOPSIS yöntemiyle analizi sonucunda Şehir Sürdürülebilirliği İndeksine göre sırasıyla Kocaeli, İstanbul ve Ankara ilk üç sırada yer almıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik kapsamında Türkiye‟deki kentlerin analiz edildiği bu araştırmadan elde edilecek bulguların,  yeni kamu politikalarının oluşturulması sürecinde, özellikle belediye yönetimleri tarafından yönetişim mekanizmasından istifade edilmesine, tüm sosyal paydaşların fayda ve maliyetleri açısından dengenin sağlanabilmesine ve böylece şehirlerde sürdürülebilir gelişmeye yönelik alınan kararların uygulanabilmesine katkı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Agenda 21 (1992), “Programme of Action for Sustainable Development”, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, (Brazil).
  • Aktaş, Ramazan, Türkay Kısa, Mete Doğanay ve Armağan Tarım (2001), Karar Analizleri (Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Basımevi).
  • Bai, Chunguang Bai, Dileep Dhavale ve, Joseph Sarkis (2014), “Integrating Fuzzy C-Means and TOPSIS for performance evaluation: An application and comparative analysis”, Expert Systems with Applications, 4:1 (2014) 4186–41
  • Behzadian, Majid, S. Khanmohammadi Otaghsara, Yazdani Morteza ve Ignatius Joshua (2012), “A State-of theart Survey of TOPSIS Applications”, Expert Systems with Applications, 39: 13051 –13069.
  • Chang, Hsueh-Sheng ve ShengLin Chiu (2013), “Discussion on Sustainable Land Use Allocation toward the Sustainable City –A Practice on Linco New Town”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 408 –4
  • Doğanay, Mete (2002), “Hisse Senedi Fonlarının Çok Kriterli Karar Yaklaşımı ile Derecelendirilmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(3): 31–47. DPT (2012), Ka mu Yatırımları, http://www2.dpt.gov.tr/ kamuyat/ il.html?0_35 (17.08.2013).
  • EUROSTAT, (EC) (2011), Sustainable Development in the European Union: 2011, Monitoring Report of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache /ITY_OFFPUB/ KS-31-11-224/EN/KS-31-11-224EN.PDF (04.11.2013).
  • Evans, Graeme ve Jo Foord (2006), “Small Cities for a Small Country: Sustaining the Cultural Renaissance?”, İçinde David Bell ve Mark Jayne (Ed.), Small Cities: Urban Experience beyond the Metropolis, (New York: Routledge), 159 –1
  • Forum for the Future (2010), The Sustainable Cities Index, http://www.forumforthefuture. org/sites/default/files/images/Forum/Projects/Sustainable_Cities_Index/Sustainable_Citie s_Index_2010_FINAL_15-10-10.pdf (08.10.2013).
  • Gazibey, Yavuz ve F.Canan Çilingir, (2012), “Determining Solar Photovoltaic Technologies to Be Focuse d in Turkey Using TOPSIS Method”, 6th International Ege Energy Symposium & Exhibition, June 28-30, Izmir, Turkey. F.Canan Çilingir ile birlikte (Birinci Yazar)
  • Gümüş, Alev Taşkın (2009) Gümüş, “Evaluation of hazardous waste transportation firms by using a two step fuzzyAHP and TOPSIS methodology”, Expert Systems with Applications, 36: (2009) 4067–40
  • Higgins, Paul ve Josep M. Campanera (2011), “(Sustainable) Quality of Life in English City Locations”, Cities, 28: 290–299.
  • Hwang, Ching-Lai ve Yoon, K. Paul (1981), Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications, (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
  • İç , Yusuf Tansel (2014) İç, “A TOPSIS based design of experiment approach to assess company ranking”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 227: (2014) 630-–647.
  • Johnson, Louise C. (2009), Cultural Capitals: Revaluing the Arts, Remaking Urbanspaces, (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing).
  • Joshi, Rohit, D.K. Banwet ve Ravi Shankar (2011), “A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS Based Benchmarking Framework for Performance İmprovement of a Cold Chain”, Expert Systems with Applications, 38:10170 –10182.
  • Khare, Anshuman, Terry Beckman, ve Nolan Crouse (2011), “Cities addressing climate change: Introducing a tripartite model for sustainable partnership”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 1(4): 227 –2
  • Lu, Jie, Guangquan Zhang, Da Ruan ve Fengjie Wu (2007), Multi-Objective Group Decision Making Methods, Software and Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques, (London: Imperial College Pres).
  • Maliye Bakanlığı (MB) (2013), Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, http://www.gib.gov.tr/fileadmin/user_upload /VI/GBG/Tablo_54.xls ( 23.10.2013).
  • MasterCard Worldwide ve Boğaziçi Üniversitesi (MA ve BÜ) (2011), Türkiye’nin Şehirleri Sürdürülebilirlik Araştırması, İstanbul 2011, http://www.mastercard.com/tr/personal/tr/promotions/ Turkiyenin_Illeri_Surdurulebilirlik_Arastirmasi.pdf (25.03.2014).
  • Mccormick, Kes, Stefan Ander berg, Lars Coenen, ve Lena Neij (2013), “Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 50: 1–11.
  • Menger, Pierre-Michel (2010), “Cultural Policies in Europe from a State to a City-Centered Perspective on Cultural Generativity”, Discussion Paper No. 10-28, GRIPS Policy Research Center,.1 –
  • Mori, Koichiro ve Aris Christodoulou (2012), “Review of Sustainability Indices and Indicators: Towards a New City Sustainability Index (CSI)”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 32(1): 94 –
  • Munier, Nolberto (2011), A Strategy for Using Multicriteria Analysis in Decision-Making, (London: Springer).
  • Ness, Barry, Evelin UrbelPiirsalu, Stefan Anderberg, ve Lennart Olsson (2007), “Categorising Tools for Sustainability Assessment”, Ecological Economics, 60(3): 498–508.
  • Ogbazi, Joy U. (2013), “Alternative Planning Approaches and the Sustainable Cities Programme in Nigeria”, Habitat International, 40: 109–118.
  • Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa, Nurwati Badarulzaman ve Mastura Jaafar (2012), “City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable Urbanization in Developing World”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36:623 –6
  • Ratiu, Dan Eugen (2013), “Creative Cities and/or Sustainable Cities: Discourses and Practices”, City, Culture and Society, 4: 125 –1
  • Ravindran A. Ravi (2009), Operations Research Methodologies, (New York: Taylor & Francis Group).
  • Singh, Rajesh Kumar, H.R. Murty, S.K. Gupta ve A.K. Dikshit, (2012), “An Overview of Sustainability Assessment Methodologies”, Ecological Indicators, 15: 281–299.
  • Sustainable Cities International (SCI) (2012), “Indicators for Sustainability: How Cities are Monitoring and Evaluating Their Success”, http://www.sustainablecities.net/ourresources/document-library/cat_view/ 20-our-resources/21-indicators (08.10.2013).
  • Taşdoğan, Celal Taşdoğan, M. Şükrü Mollavelioğlu ve, Hakan Mıhcı (2014), “Türkiye’nin Kentsel Çevresel Sürdürülebilirliğinin Kategorik Veri Zarflama Analiziyle Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 69(1), No. 1, 2014, s. :141 - 164.
  • TÜİK (2011), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Göstergeleri 2000–2009, (Ankara).
  • TÜİK (2013), Bölgesel Göstergeler, http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/Bolgesel/sorguGiris.do (12.09.2013). Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (TBB) (2013), Banka ve Sektör Bilgileri, http://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/banka-vesektor-bilgileri/veri-sorgulama-sistemi/illere-ve-bolgelere -gore-bilgiler/73 (17.10.2013). UN- HABITAT, (2008a), State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities, Earthscan, (London).
  • UN- HABITAT, (2008b), State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide, Earthscan, (London).
  • UN- HABITAT, (2013), State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities, Routledge, (New York).
  • United Nations (2001), Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, Second Edition, (New York).
  • United Nations (2007), Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, Third Edition, (New York).
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yavuz Gazibey

Ahmet Keser

Yunus Gökmen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ekim 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ekim 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 69 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gazibey, Y., Keser, A., & Gökmen, Y. (2014). Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 69(3), 511-544. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002322
AMA Gazibey Y, Keser A, Gökmen Y. Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. SBF Dergisi. Ekim 2014;69(3):511-544. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002322
Chicago Gazibey, Yavuz, Ahmet Keser, ve Yunus Gökmen. “Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 69, sy. 3 (Ekim 2014): 511-44. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002322.
EndNote Gazibey Y, Keser A, Gökmen Y (01 Ekim 2014) Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 69 3 511–544.
IEEE Y. Gazibey, A. Keser, ve Y. Gökmen, “Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, SBF Dergisi, c. 69, sy. 3, ss. 511–544, 2014, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002322.
ISNAD Gazibey, Yavuz vd. “Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 69/3 (Ekim 2014), 511-544. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002322.
JAMA Gazibey Y, Keser A, Gökmen Y. Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. SBF Dergisi. 2014;69:511–544.
MLA Gazibey, Yavuz vd. “Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, c. 69, sy. 3, 2014, ss. 511-44, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002322.
Vancouver Gazibey Y, Keser A, Gökmen Y. Türkiye’de İllerin Sürdürülebilirlik Boyutları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. SBF Dergisi. 2014;69(3):511-44.