Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu

Nazan Dalgıç

doi:10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219

Congenital Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu

Yıl 2007, , 1 - 12, 01.01.2007

Nazan Dalgıç

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Mofenson LM. Advances in the preven- tion of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Pedi- atr Infect Dis 2003;14:295-308.
Mofenson LM. Technical report: peri- natal human immunodeficiency virus testing and prevention of transmissi- on. Committee on Pediatric Aids. Pedi- atrics 2000;106:E88.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: http:/una- ids.org/ epidemic_update/index.html.
Shetty AK, Maldonado Y. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 in resource-poor countries. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 2003;22:553-5.
Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, et al. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by pregnant women with RNA virus loads
Mofenson LM, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, et al. Risk factors for perinatal trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zi- dovudine. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Tri- als Group Study 185 Team. N Engl J Med 1999;341:385-93.
Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral stra- tegies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Ac- quir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29:484-94.
Tuomala RE, O'Driscoll PT, Bremer JW, et al. Cell-associated genital tract virus and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in anti- retroviral-experienced women. J Infect Dis 2003;187:375-84.
Coutsoudis A, Dabis F, Fawzi W, et al. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual pati- ent data meta-analysis. J Infect Dis
Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-li- mited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:230-9.
Hepatitis C virus infection. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1998;101:481-5.
King SM. Evaluation and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus-1- -exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114: 497-505.
Dunn DT, Brandt CD, Krivine A, et al. The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polyme- rase chain reaction in the neonatal pe- riod and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum trans- mission. Aids 1995;9:F7-11.
Kline NE, Schwarzwald H, Kline MW. False negative DNA polymerase chain reaction in an infant with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus 1 in- fection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:885-6.
Haas J, Geiss M, Bohler T. False-negati- ve polymerase chain reaction-based di- agnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in children infected with HIV strains of African origin. J In- fect Dis 1996;174:244-5.
Zaman MM, Recco RA, Haag R. Infecti- on with non-B subtype HIV type 1 complicates management of establis- hed infection in adult patients and di- agnosis of infection in newborn in- fants. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:417-8.
Cunningham CK, Charbonneau TT, Song K, et al. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus 1 DNA poly- merase chain reaction and qualitative and quantitative RNA polymerase cha- in reaction in human immunodefici- ency virus 1-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:30-5.
Young NL, Shaffer N, Chaowanachan T, et al. Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infec- ted infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:401-7.
Guidelines for national human immu- nodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human im- munodeficiency virus infection and ac- quired immunodeficiency syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-27, 29-31.
Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50(RR-19):63-85; quiz CE1-19a2-CE6-19a2.
Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency vi- rus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1989;321 :1791-6.
Blanche S, Newell ML, Mayaux MJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality in Europe- an children vertically infected by HIV- 1. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group and European Collabora- tive Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;14:442- 50.
National Institutes of Health, Health Resources and Services Administrati- on, Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pe- diatric HIV Infection. Rockville, MD: AIDSinfo, National Institutes of He- alth; 2001. Available at: www.aidsin- fo.nih. gov/guidelines.
Center for Diseases Control and Pre- vention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004; . 16: 1-46.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion on obstetric practice. Prenatal and perina- tal human immunodeficiency virus testing: expanded recommendations. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2004. Report no.304.
Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, et al. Short-course zidovudine for peri- natal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled tri- al. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet 1999;353: 773-80.
Bardeguez AD, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Effect of cessation of zidovu- dine prophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission on maternal HIV disease progression and survival. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2003;32:170-81.
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treat- ment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodefici- ency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Pre- vention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;343:982-91.
Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gel- ber RD, et al. Two-dose intrapar- tum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce peri- natal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. Jama 2002;288:189-98.
Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, et al. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med
Nolan M, Fowler MG, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the potential impact of antiretroviral resistance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:216-29.
Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Rekacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zido- vudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. Jama 2001;285:2083-93.
Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants rece- iving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 ver- tical transmission (HIVNET 012). Aids 2001;15:1951-7.
Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent mater- nal responses to nevirapine-based an- tiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med
Biggar RJ, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Pe- rinatal intervention trial in Africa: ef- fect of a birth canal cleansing interven- tion to prevent HIV transmission. Lan- cet 1996;347:1647-50.
Gaillard P, Mwanyumba F, Verhofstede C, et al. Vaginal lavage with chlorhexi- dine during labour to reduce mother- to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya. Aids 2001;15:389- 96.
Mandelbrot L, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 15 Month follow up of African chil- dren following vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride of their HIV in- fected mothers during late pregnancy and delivery. Sex Transm Infect
Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisut- hipong A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:21-38.
Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on preg- nancy outcomes and early mother-to- child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Aids 1999;13:1517-24.
Kumwenda N, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Antenatal vitamin A supplementati- on increases birth weight and decre- ases anemia among infants born to hu- man immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:618-24.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supple- ments in relation to vertical transmis- sion of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54.
Mofenson LM. Successes and challen- ges in the perinatal HIV-1 epidemic in the United States as illustrated by the HIV-1 Serosurvey of childbearing wo- men. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:422-5.
Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Jonc- kheer T, et al. Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three he- althy virus carriers. Lancet 1985;2:891- 2.
Ziegler JB, Cooper DA, Johnson RO, et al. Postnatal transmission of AIDS-as- sociated retrovirus from mother to in- fant. Lancet 1985;1:896-8.
Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:721-6, 731-2.
Datta P, Embree JE, Kreiss JK, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1: report from the Nairobi Study. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1134-40.
Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Botto LD, et al. Prospective assessment of preg- nancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1645-50.
The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1--a meta- analysis of 15 prospective cohort stu- dies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977- 87.
Caesarean section and risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. The European Collaborative Study. Lancet 1994; 343:1464-7.
Dominguez KL, Lindegren ML, D'Alma- da PJ, et al. Increasing trend of Cesare- an deliveries in HIV-infected women in the United States from 1994 to 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33:232-8.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Re- commendations for use of antiretrovi- ral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and inter- ventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Was- hington, DC: US Department of He- alth and Human Services, Public He- alth Service; 2005. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFi- les/PerinatalGL.pdf .
Mofenson LM, Munderi P. Safety of an- tiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal transmission for HIV-infected preg- nant women and their infants. J Acqu- ir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:200- 15.
Exposure to antiretroviral therapy in utero or early life: the health of unin- fected children born to HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:380-7.
Lorenzi P, Spicher VM, Laubereau B, et al. Antiretroviral therapies in preg- nancy: maternal, fetal and neonatal ef- fects. Swiss HIV Cohort Study, the Swiss Collaborative HIV and Preg- nancy Study, and the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study. Aids 1998;12:F241-7.
Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1863-70.
Alimenti A, Burdge DR, Ogilvie GS, et al. Lactic acidemia in human immuno- deficiency virus-uninfected infants ex- posed to perinatal antiretroviral the- rapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:782- 9.
Giaquinto C, De Romeo A, Giacomet V, et al. Lactic acid levels in children pe- rinatally treated with antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission. Aids 2001;15:1074-5.
Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretrovi- ral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999;354:1084-9.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Hu- man Immunodeficiency Virus Infecti- on. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grave Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006: 378-401.
Maldonado YA. Acquired Immonodefi- ciency Syndrome in the Infant. In: Re- mington SS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Ba- ker CJ, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 6th ed. Phi- ladelphia, PA, IL: Elsevier Saunders; 2006: 667-692.
Panganiban AT. Retroviral DNA integ- ration. Cell 1985;42:5-6.
Bagasra O, Hauptman SP, Lischner HW, et al. Detection of human immunode- ficiency virus type 1 provirus in mono- nuclear cells by in situ polymerase chain reaction. N Engl J Med
Ho DD. Perspectives series: host/pat- hogen interactions. Dynamics of HIV-1 replication in vivo. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2565-7.
Erkeller-Yuksel FM, Deneys V, Yuksel B, Hannet I, Hulstaert F, Hamilton C, et al. Age-related changes in human blo- od lymphocyte subpopulations. J Pedi- atr 1992;120:216-22.
McKinney RE, Jr., Wilfert CM. Lymphocyte subsets in children youn- ger than 2 years old: normal values in a population at risk for human immu- nodeficiency virus infection and diag- nostic and prognostic application to infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:639-44.
Roilides E, Black C, Reimer C, et al. Se- rum immunoglobulin G subclasses in children infected with human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 1991;10:134-9.
Shetty AK, Maldonado Y. Advances in the prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. NeoReviews 2005; 6: e12-e24.
Mofenson LM. Advances in the preven- tion of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Pedi- atr Infect Dis 2003;14:295-308.
Mofenson LM. Technical report: peri- natal human immunodeficiency virus testing and prevention of transmissi- on. Committee on Pediatric Aids. Pedi- atrics 2000;106:E88.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: http:/una- ids.org/epidemic_update/index.html.
Shetty AK, Maldonado Y. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 in resource-poor countries. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 2003;22:553-5.
Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, et al. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by pregnant women with RNA virus loads
Mofenson LM, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, et al. Risk factors for perinatal trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zi- dovudine. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Tri- als Group Study 185 Team. N Engl J Med 1999;341:385-93.
Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral stra- tegies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Ac- quir Immune Defic Syndr
Tuomala RE, O'Driscoll PT, Bremer JW, et al. Cell-associated genital tract virus and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in anti- retroviral-experienced women. J Infect Dis 2003;187:375-84.
Coutsoudis A, Dabis F, Fawzi W, et al. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual pati- ent data meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2004;189:2154-66.
Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-li- mited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:230-9.
Hepatitis C virus infection. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1998;101:481-5.
King SM. Evaluation and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus-1- -exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114:497-505.
Dunn DT, Brandt CD, Krivine A, et al. The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polyme- rase chain reaction in the neonatal pe- riod and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum trans- mission. Aids 1995;9:F7-11.
Kline NE, Schwarzwald H, Kline MW. False negative DNA polymerase chain reaction in an infant with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus 1 in- fection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:885-6.
Haas J, Geiss M, Bohler T. False-negati- ve polymerase chain reaction-based di- agnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in children infected with HIV strains of African origin. J In- fect Dis 1996;174:244-5.
Zaman MM, Recco RA, Haag R. Infecti- on with non-B subtype HIV type 1 complicates management of establis- hed infection in adult patients and di- agnosis of infection in newborn in- fants. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:417-8.
Cunningham CK, Charbonneau TT, Song K, et al. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus 1 DNA poly- merase chain reaction and qualitative and quantitative RNA polymerase cha- in reaction in human immunodefici- ency virus 1-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:30-5.
Young NL, Shaffer N, Chaowanachan T, et al. Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infec- ted infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:401-7.
Guidelines for national human immu- nodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human im- munodeficiency virus infection and ac- quired immunodeficiency syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-27, 29-31.
Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50(RR-19):63-85; quiz CE1-19a2-CE6-19a2.
Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency vi- rus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1791-6.
Blanche S, Newell ML, Mayaux MJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality in Europe- an children vertically infected by HIV- 1. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group and European Collabora- tive Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;14:442- 50.
National Institutes of Health, Health Resources and Services Administrati- on, Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pe- diatric HIV Infection. Rockville, MD: AIDSinfo, National Institutes of He- alth; 2001. Available at: www.aidsin- fo.nih.gov/guidelines.
Center for Diseases Control and Pre- vention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004; 16:1-46.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion on obstetric practice. Prenatal and perina- tal human immunodeficiency virus testing: expanded recommendations. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2004. Report no.304.
Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, et al. Short-course zidovudine for peri- natal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled tri- al. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet
Bardeguez AD, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Effect of cessation of zidovu- dine prophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission on maternal HIV disease progression and survival. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2003;32:170-81.
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treat- ment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodefici- ency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Pre- vention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;343:982-91.
Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gel- ber RD, et al. Two-dose intrapar- tum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce peri- natal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. Jama 2002;288:189-98.
Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, et al. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med
Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H, et al. A multicenter randomized control- led trial of nevirapine versus a combi- nation of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early post- partum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2003;187:725-35.
Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. In- trapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised tri- al. Lancet 1999;354:795-802.
Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in pre- venting early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanza- nia, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1178-86.
Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, et al. Twenty-four month efficacy of a mater- nal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmissi- on of HIV-1 in West Africa. Aids 2002;16:631-41.
Nolan M, Fowler MG, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the potential impact of antiretroviral resistance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:216-29.
Treat 3 Million by 2005 Initiative. Trea- ting 3 Million by 2005: Making It Hap- pen: The WHO and UNAIDS Global Initiative to Provide Antiretroviral the- rapy to 3 Million People With HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries by the End of 2005. World Health Organi- zation Web site. Available at: http://www.who. int/3by5/publicati- ons/documents/en/3by5 StrategyMa- kingItHappen.pdf.
Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Re- kacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zidovu- dine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. Jama 2001;285:2083-93.
Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants rece- iving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 ver- tical transmission (HIVNET 012). Aids 2001;15:1951-7.
Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent mater- nal responses to nevirapine-based an- tiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:229-40.
Biggar RJ, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Pe- rinatal intervention trial in Africa: ef- fect of a birth canal cleansing interven- tion to prevent HIV transmission. Lan- cet 1996;347:1647-50.
Gaillard P, Mwanyumba F, Verhofstede C, et al. Vaginal lavage with chlorhexi- dine during labour to reduce mother- to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya. Aids 2001;15:389
Mandelbrot L, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 15 Month follow up of African chil- dren following vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride of their HIV in- fected mothers during late pregnancy and delivery. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:267-70.
Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisuthi- pong A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:21-38.
Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on preg- nancy outcomes and early mother-to- child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Aids 1999;13:1517-24.
Kumwenda N, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected wo- men in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:618-24.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supple- ments in relation to vertical transmis- sion of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54.
Mofenson LM. Successes and challen- ges in the perinatal HIV-1 epidemic in the United States as illustrated by the HIV-1 Serosurvey of childbearing wo- men. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Jonc- kheer T, et al. Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three he- althy virus carriers. Lancet 1985;2:891- 2.
Ziegler JB, Cooper DA, Johnson RO, et al. Postnatal transmission of AIDS-as- sociated retrovirus from mother to in- fant. Lancet 1985;1:896-8.
Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:721-6, 731-2.
Datta P, Embree JE, Kreiss JK, et al. Mot- her-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: report from the Nairobi Study. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1134-40.
Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Botto LD, et al. Prospective assessment of preg- nancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1645-50.
The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1--a meta- analysis of 15 prospective cohort stu- dies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977- 87.
Caesarean section and risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. The European Collaborative Study. Lancet 1994;343:1464-7.
Dominguez KL, Lindegren ML, D'Alma- da PJ, et al. Increasing trend of Cesare- an deliveries in HIV-infected women in the United States from 1994 to 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;3:232-8.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Re- commendations for use of antiretrovi- ral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and inter- ventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Was- hington, DC: US Department of He- alth and Human Services, Public He- alth Service; 2005. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFi- les/PerinatalGL.pdf .
Mofenson LM, Munderi P. Safety of an- tiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal transmission for HIV-infected preg- nant women and their infants. J Acqu- ir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:200- 15.
Exposure to antiretroviral therapy in utero or early life: the health of unin- fected children born to HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
Lorenzi P, Spicher VM, Laubereau B, et al. Antiretroviral therapies in preg- nancy: maternal, fetal and neonatal ef- fects. Swiss HIV Cohort Study, the Swiss Collaborative HIV and Preg- nancy Study, and the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study. Aids 1998;12:F241-7.
Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1863-70.
Alimenti A, Burdge DR, Ogilvie GS, et al. Lactic acidemia in human immuno- deficiency virus-uninfected infants ex- posed to perinatal antiretroviral the- rapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:782
Giaquinto C, De Romeo A, Giacomet V, et al. Lactic acid levels in children pe- rinatally treated with antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission. Aids 2001;15:1074-5.
Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretrovi- ral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999; 354:1084-9.
Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. Guidelines for the Use of An- tiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Supplement: Safety and Toxicity of Individual Anti- retroviral Agents in Pregnancy. Rock- ville, MD: 2002.Available at: www.aid- sinfo.nih. gov/guidelines.

Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu

Yıl 2007, , 1 - 12, 01.01.2007

Nazan Dalgıç

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219

Öz

Gelişen dünyada, antiretroviral terapi'nin (ART) anneye hamilelik süresince ve intrapartum dönemde; yenidoğan bebeğe ise neonatal dönemde uygulanması anneden bebeğe HIV geçiş riskinin yaklaşık % 8'lere kadar düşmesine neden olmuştur. ART ile birlikte sezeryan doğumun tercih edilmesi ve doğumda membran rüptür süresinin kısaltılması gibi bazı uygulamalarla bu risk % 2'lerin altına kadar gerilemiştir. Çocuk hekimleri doğumdan önce HIV enfeksiyonu teşhisi konulmamış annelerin HIV'ne maruz kalmış bebeklerini teşhis ederek, bu bebeklere HIV enfeksiyonu riskini azaltmak için ART profilaksisi uygulayarak ve anne sütü ile HIV geçişinin önlenmesi için anne sütü ile beslenmemelerini sağlamak yolu ile anneden bebeğe HIV virusu geçişinin önlenmesinde anahtar bir rolü üstlenirler. Ek olarak, çocuk hekimleri HIV'ne maruz kalmış bu bebeklerin ilerde oluşabilecek HIV enfeksiyonu açısından erken tanımaya yönelik yakın takiplerini yaparak, ART tedavisi uygulanan çocukların uzun ve kısa dönemde oluşabilecek yan etkiler açısından izlenmesini sağlayarak, gereken durumlarda Pneumocystis pnömonisi için profilaksi uygulayarak ve çocuğun ailesine veya bakımını üstlenen kişilere onların HIV enfeksiyonu ile yaşamaları için danışım temin ederek HIV'ne maruz kalmış bu infantların bakımını sağlayabilirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnsan immunyetmezlik virusu, konjenital enfeksiyon, tanı, tedavi, izlem

Kaynakça

Mofenson LM. Advances in the preven- tion of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Pedi- atr Infect Dis 2003;14:295-308.
Mofenson LM. Technical report: peri- natal human immunodeficiency virus testing and prevention of transmissi- on. Committee on Pediatric Aids. Pedi- atrics 2000;106:E88.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: http:/una- ids.org/ epidemic_update/index.html.
Shetty AK, Maldonado Y. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 in resource-poor countries. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 2003;22:553-5.
Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, et al. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by pregnant women with RNA virus loads
Mofenson LM, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, et al. Risk factors for perinatal trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zi- dovudine. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Tri- als Group Study 185 Team. N Engl J Med 1999;341:385-93.
Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral stra- tegies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Ac- quir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29:484-94.
Tuomala RE, O'Driscoll PT, Bremer JW, et al. Cell-associated genital tract virus and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in anti- retroviral-experienced women. J Infect Dis 2003;187:375-84.
Coutsoudis A, Dabis F, Fawzi W, et al. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual pati- ent data meta-analysis. J Infect Dis
Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-li- mited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:230-9.
Hepatitis C virus infection. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1998;101:481-5.
King SM. Evaluation and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus-1- -exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114: 497-505.
Dunn DT, Brandt CD, Krivine A, et al. The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polyme- rase chain reaction in the neonatal pe- riod and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum trans- mission. Aids 1995;9:F7-11.
Kline NE, Schwarzwald H, Kline MW. False negative DNA polymerase chain reaction in an infant with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus 1 in- fection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:885-6.
Haas J, Geiss M, Bohler T. False-negati- ve polymerase chain reaction-based di- agnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in children infected with HIV strains of African origin. J In- fect Dis 1996;174:244-5.
Zaman MM, Recco RA, Haag R. Infecti- on with non-B subtype HIV type 1 complicates management of establis- hed infection in adult patients and di- agnosis of infection in newborn in- fants. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:417-8.
Cunningham CK, Charbonneau TT, Song K, et al. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus 1 DNA poly- merase chain reaction and qualitative and quantitative RNA polymerase cha- in reaction in human immunodefici- ency virus 1-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:30-5.
Young NL, Shaffer N, Chaowanachan T, et al. Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infec- ted infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:401-7.
Guidelines for national human immu- nodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human im- munodeficiency virus infection and ac- quired immunodeficiency syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-27, 29-31.
Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50(RR-19):63-85; quiz CE1-19a2-CE6-19a2.
Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency vi- rus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1989;321 :1791-6.
Blanche S, Newell ML, Mayaux MJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality in Europe- an children vertically infected by HIV- 1. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group and European Collabora- tive Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;14:442- 50.
National Institutes of Health, Health Resources and Services Administrati- on, Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pe- diatric HIV Infection. Rockville, MD: AIDSinfo, National Institutes of He- alth; 2001. Available at: www.aidsin- fo.nih. gov/guidelines.
Center for Diseases Control and Pre- vention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004; . 16: 1-46.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion on obstetric practice. Prenatal and perina- tal human immunodeficiency virus testing: expanded recommendations. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2004. Report no.304.
Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, et al. Short-course zidovudine for peri- natal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled tri- al. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet 1999;353: 773-80.
Bardeguez AD, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Effect of cessation of zidovu- dine prophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission on maternal HIV disease progression and survival. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2003;32:170-81.
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treat- ment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodefici- ency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Pre- vention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;343:982-91.
Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gel- ber RD, et al. Two-dose intrapar- tum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce peri- natal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. Jama 2002;288:189-98.
Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, et al. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med
Nolan M, Fowler MG, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the potential impact of antiretroviral resistance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:216-29.
Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Rekacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zido- vudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. Jama 2001;285:2083-93.
Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants rece- iving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 ver- tical transmission (HIVNET 012). Aids 2001;15:1951-7.
Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent mater- nal responses to nevirapine-based an- tiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med
Biggar RJ, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Pe- rinatal intervention trial in Africa: ef- fect of a birth canal cleansing interven- tion to prevent HIV transmission. Lan- cet 1996;347:1647-50.
Gaillard P, Mwanyumba F, Verhofstede C, et al. Vaginal lavage with chlorhexi- dine during labour to reduce mother- to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya. Aids 2001;15:389- 96.
Mandelbrot L, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 15 Month follow up of African chil- dren following vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride of their HIV in- fected mothers during late pregnancy and delivery. Sex Transm Infect
Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisut- hipong A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:21-38.
Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on preg- nancy outcomes and early mother-to- child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Aids 1999;13:1517-24.
Kumwenda N, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Antenatal vitamin A supplementati- on increases birth weight and decre- ases anemia among infants born to hu- man immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:618-24.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supple- ments in relation to vertical transmis- sion of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54.
Mofenson LM. Successes and challen- ges in the perinatal HIV-1 epidemic in the United States as illustrated by the HIV-1 Serosurvey of childbearing wo- men. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:422-5.
Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Jonc- kheer T, et al. Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three he- althy virus carriers. Lancet 1985;2:891- 2.
Ziegler JB, Cooper DA, Johnson RO, et al. Postnatal transmission of AIDS-as- sociated retrovirus from mother to in- fant. Lancet 1985;1:896-8.
Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:721-6, 731-2.
Datta P, Embree JE, Kreiss JK, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1: report from the Nairobi Study. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1134-40.
Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Botto LD, et al. Prospective assessment of preg- nancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1645-50.
The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1--a meta- analysis of 15 prospective cohort stu- dies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977- 87.
Caesarean section and risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. The European Collaborative Study. Lancet 1994; 343:1464-7.
Dominguez KL, Lindegren ML, D'Alma- da PJ, et al. Increasing trend of Cesare- an deliveries in HIV-infected women in the United States from 1994 to 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33:232-8.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Re- commendations for use of antiretrovi- ral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and inter- ventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Was- hington, DC: US Department of He- alth and Human Services, Public He- alth Service; 2005. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFi- les/PerinatalGL.pdf .
Mofenson LM, Munderi P. Safety of an- tiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal transmission for HIV-infected preg- nant women and their infants. J Acqu- ir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:200- 15.
Exposure to antiretroviral therapy in utero or early life: the health of unin- fected children born to HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:380-7.
Lorenzi P, Spicher VM, Laubereau B, et al. Antiretroviral therapies in preg- nancy: maternal, fetal and neonatal ef- fects. Swiss HIV Cohort Study, the Swiss Collaborative HIV and Preg- nancy Study, and the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study. Aids 1998;12:F241-7.
Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1863-70.
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Mofenson LM. Advances in the preven- tion of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Pedi- atr Infect Dis 2003;14:295-308.
Mofenson LM. Technical report: peri- natal human immunodeficiency virus testing and prevention of transmissi- on. Committee on Pediatric Aids. Pedi- atrics 2000;106:E88.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at: http:/una- ids.org/epidemic_update/index.html.
Shetty AK, Maldonado Y. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 in resource-poor countries. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 2003;22:553-5.
Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, et al. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by pregnant women with RNA virus loads
Mofenson LM, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, et al. Risk factors for perinatal trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zi- dovudine. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Tri- als Group Study 185 Team. N Engl J Med 1999;341:385-93.
Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral stra- tegies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Ac- quir Immune Defic Syndr
Tuomala RE, O'Driscoll PT, Bremer JW, et al. Cell-associated genital tract virus and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in anti- retroviral-experienced women. J Infect Dis 2003;187:375-84.
Coutsoudis A, Dabis F, Fawzi W, et al. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual pati- ent data meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2004;189:2154-66.
Fowler MG, Newell ML. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-li- mited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:230-9.
Hepatitis C virus infection. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1998;101:481-5.
King SM. Evaluation and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus-1- -exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114:497-505.
Dunn DT, Brandt CD, Krivine A, et al. The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polyme- rase chain reaction in the neonatal pe- riod and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum trans- mission. Aids 1995;9:F7-11.
Kline NE, Schwarzwald H, Kline MW. False negative DNA polymerase chain reaction in an infant with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus 1 in- fection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:885-6.
Haas J, Geiss M, Bohler T. False-negati- ve polymerase chain reaction-based di- agnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in children infected with HIV strains of African origin. J In- fect Dis 1996;174:244-5.
Zaman MM, Recco RA, Haag R. Infecti- on with non-B subtype HIV type 1 complicates management of establis- hed infection in adult patients and di- agnosis of infection in newborn in- fants. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:417-8.
Cunningham CK, Charbonneau TT, Song K, et al. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus 1 DNA poly- merase chain reaction and qualitative and quantitative RNA polymerase cha- in reaction in human immunodefici- ency virus 1-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:30-5.
Young NL, Shaffer N, Chaowanachan T, et al. Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infec- ted infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:401-7.
Guidelines for national human immu- nodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human im- munodeficiency virus infection and ac- quired immunodeficiency syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-27, 29-31.
Revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50(RR-19):63-85; quiz CE1-19a2-CE6-19a2.
Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency vi- rus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1791-6.
Blanche S, Newell ML, Mayaux MJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality in Europe- an children vertically infected by HIV- 1. The French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group and European Collabora- tive Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;14:442- 50.
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Center for Diseases Control and Pre- vention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2004; 16:1-46.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion on obstetric practice. Prenatal and perina- tal human immunodeficiency virus testing: expanded recommendations. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2004. Report no.304.
Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, et al. Short-course zidovudine for peri- natal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled tri- al. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet
Bardeguez AD, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Effect of cessation of zidovu- dine prophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission on maternal HIV disease progression and survival. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2003;32:170-81.
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant trans- mission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treat- ment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodefici- ency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Pre- vention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;343:982-91.
Dorenbaum A, Cunningham CK, Gel- ber RD, et al. Two-dose intrapar- tum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce peri- natal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. Jama 2002;288:189-98.
Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, et al. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med
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Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Mascaro A, Re- kacewicz C, et al. Lamivudine-zidovu- dine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. Jama 2001;285:2083-93.
Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants rece- iving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 ver- tical transmission (HIVNET 012). Aids 2001;15:1951-7.
Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent mater- nal responses to nevirapine-based an- tiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:229-40.
Biggar RJ, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Pe- rinatal intervention trial in Africa: ef- fect of a birth canal cleansing interven- tion to prevent HIV transmission. Lan- cet 1996;347:1647-50.
Gaillard P, Mwanyumba F, Verhofstede C, et al. Vaginal lavage with chlorhexi- dine during labour to reduce mother- to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya. Aids 2001;15:389
Mandelbrot L, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 15 Month follow up of African chil- dren following vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride of their HIV in- fected mothers during late pregnancy and delivery. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:267-70.
Fowler MG, Simonds RJ, Roongpisuthi- pong A. Update on perinatal HIV transmission. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47:21-38.
Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on preg- nancy outcomes and early mother-to- child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Aids 1999;13:1517-24.
Kumwenda N, Miotti PG, Taha TE, et al. Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected wo- men in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:618-24.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supple- ments in relation to vertical transmis- sion of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Im- mune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54.
Mofenson LM. Successes and challen- ges in the perinatal HIV-1 epidemic in the United States as illustrated by the HIV-1 Serosurvey of childbearing wo- men. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Jonc- kheer T, et al. Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three he- althy virus carriers. Lancet 1985;2:891- 2.
Ziegler JB, Cooper DA, Johnson RO, et al. Postnatal transmission of AIDS-as- sociated retrovirus from mother to in- fant. Lancet 1985;1:896-8.
Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:721-6, 731-2.
Datta P, Embree JE, Kreiss JK, et al. Mot- her-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: report from the Nairobi Study. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1134-40.
Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Botto LD, et al. Prospective assessment of preg- nancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1645-50.
The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1--a meta- analysis of 15 prospective cohort stu- dies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977- 87.
Caesarean section and risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. The European Collaborative Study. Lancet 1994;343:1464-7.
Dominguez KL, Lindegren ML, D'Alma- da PJ, et al. Increasing trend of Cesare- an deliveries in HIV-infected women in the United States from 1994 to 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;3:232-8.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Re- commendations for use of antiretrovi- ral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and inter- ventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Was- hington, DC: US Department of He- alth and Human Services, Public He- alth Service; 2005. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFi- les/PerinatalGL.pdf .
Mofenson LM, Munderi P. Safety of an- tiretroviral prophylaxis of perinatal transmission for HIV-infected preg- nant women and their infants. J Acqu- ir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:200- 15.
Exposure to antiretroviral therapy in utero or early life: the health of unin- fected children born to HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
Lorenzi P, Spicher VM, Laubereau B, et al. Antiretroviral therapies in preg- nancy: maternal, fetal and neonatal ef- fects. Swiss HIV Cohort Study, the Swiss Collaborative HIV and Preg- nancy Study, and the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study. Aids 1998;12:F241-7.
Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1863-70.
Alimenti A, Burdge DR, Ogilvie GS, et al. Lactic acidemia in human immuno- deficiency virus-uninfected infants ex- posed to perinatal antiretroviral the- rapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:782
Giaquinto C, De Romeo A, Giacomet V, et al. Lactic acid levels in children pe- rinatally treated with antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission. Aids 2001;15:1074-5.
Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretrovi- ral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999; 354:1084-9.
Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention. Guidelines for the Use of An- tiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Supplement: Safety and Toxicity of Individual Anti- retroviral Agents in Pregnancy. Rock- ville, MD: 2002.Available at: www.aid- sinfo.nih. gov/guidelines.

Toplam 133 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Nazan Dalgıç Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Ocak 2007
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2007

Kaynak Göster

APA	Dalgıç, N. (2007). Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 60(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219
AMA	Dalgıç N. Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. Ocak 2007;60(1):1-12. doi:10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219
Chicago	Dalgıç, Nazan. “Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 60, sy. 1 (Ocak 2007): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219.
EndNote	Dalgıç N (01 Ocak 2007) Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 60 1 1–12.
IEEE	N. Dalgıç, “Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, c. 60, sy. 1, ss. 1–12, 2007, doi: 10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219.
ISNAD	Dalgıç, Nazan. “Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 60/1 (Ocak 2007), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219.
JAMA	Dalgıç N. Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2007;60:1–12.
MLA	Dalgıç, Nazan. “Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, c. 60, sy. 1, 2007, ss. 1-12, doi:10.1501/Tipfak_0000000219.
Vancouver	Dalgıç N. Konjenital İnsan İmmunyetmezlik Virusu (HIV) Enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2007;60(1):1-12.

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