Sağlıklı Bireylerde ve Otizmde Otistik Belirtilerin Sürekliliği

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 1, 1 - 4, 21.04.2017

Simge Aykan

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tipfak_0000000957

Öz

Otizm spektrum bozuklukları (OSB) toplumsal etkileșimde ve iletișimde bozulma, buna ek olarak yineleyici hareketlerle karakterize, nörogelișimsel bir bozukluktur. Fenotopine birçok etiyoloji katkıda bulunmakta, farklı tür ve düzeylerde semptomlar gözlenmektedir. Semptomları ve etiyolojisindeki bu çeșitlilik nedeniyle günümüzde “spektrum bozukluğu” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Spektrum özelliğinin sadece tanı alan bireyler arasında değil toplumda da süreklilik gösterdiği ve etiyolojik olarak ilișkili olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Otizm spektrum bozukluğuna ilișkin görüșlerden biri, sosyal adaptasyon ve iletișim becerisinin toplumda normal dağılım gösterdiği ve negatif uçta kalan bireylerin toplumun sosyal beklentisine uyum sağlayamadıklarıdır. Uçta yer alan, uyum sağlayamayan bu kișiler OSB grubunu olușturmaktadır. Bu görüșle uyumlu olarak son yıllarda sağlıklı populasyonda otistik özellikleri inceleyen çalıșmalar artmaktadır. Çalıșmalar ilk olarak OSB'li kișilerin etkilenmemiș aile bireylerine odaklanmıștır ve karșılıklı sosyal iletișimde anlamlı düzeyde yetersizlik olduğunu göstermiștir. Aynı zamanda OSB'nin kalıtımı yüksek bir bozukluk olması nedeni ile ilișkili kimi genler sağlıklı popülasyonda incelenmiș, çeșitli özellikler ile ilișkili bulunmuștur. Otistik özellik gösteren sağlıklı bireylerde davranıș ve genetik özelliklerinin yanında nörofizyolojik farklılıklar da bildirilmiștir. Tüm bu sonuçlara bakarak otistik özellikli sağlıklı bireylerde, OSB'lilerde gözlenen yapısal ve fonksiyonel değișikliklere benzer değișiklikler olduğu görülmektedir. Sağlıklı bireyler ile OSB'li bireyler arasındaki fizyolojik süreklilik dikkate alındığında OSB'nin toplumda sosyal adaptasyon ve iletișim becerisine göre olușan normal dağılımın uçta kalan kișilerinden oluștuğu görüșü destek kazanmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otizm, Otistik Özellikler, Genetik

Kaynakça

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