Effects of malate supplementation to the concentrate feed on performance, rumen fermentation and carcass yield of lambs fed forage at restricted and ad-libitum level

Abstract

The effects of sodium and calcium salts of malic acid on growth performance, rumen pH, protozoa number, NH3-
N level and volatile fatty acid (VFA) ratio and carcass yield in Akkaraman lambs fed alfalfa hay either restricted or ad-libitum were
investigated. In a completely randomized design experiment, treatments were arranged at 2x2 factorial fashion: two forage levels (100
g/d or ad-libitum) and two malate levels (0 or 5 g/d), which were tested in 32 male lambs (3-4 months of age, 23.28±1.27 kg BW).
Adaptation to feeding lasted 10 days; while sampling period lasted for 60 days. Growth performance, feed intake, slaughter and carcass
weight were not affected by the treatments. A significant change was found in ruminal pH by forage feding level over time. At the
beginning of the experiment the amount of acetic acid was increased by ad-libitum alfalfa hay consumption and malate addition but
this effect was disappeared end of the trial. Rumen propionic acid, NH3-N concentration and protozoa number were not affected by the
treatments but they changed by the sampling time. There was alfalfa hay level x malate supplementation x sampling time interaction
effect on butyric acid concentration. In conclusion, malate addition did not improve growth rate and carcass yield of lambs but it
affected ruminal acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations in lambs fed alfalfa ad-libitum.  

Keywords

• Acetic acid,alfalfa hay,carcass,malate,rumen fermentation

References

1. 1. AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Arlington, VA, USA.
2. 2. Callaway TR, Martin SA, Wampler JL, et al. (1997): Malate content of forage varieties commonly fed to cattle. J Dairy Sci, 80, 1651-1655.
3. 3. Carrasco C, Medel P, Fuentetaja A, et al. (2012): Effect of malate from (acid or disodium/calcium salt) supplementation on performance, ruminal parameters and blood metabolites of feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 176, 140-149.
4. 4. Carrasco C, Medel P, Fuentetaja A, et al. (2016): Effect of disodium/calcium malate or Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on growth performance, carcass quality, ruminal fermentation products, and blood metabolites of heifers. J Anim Sci, 94, 4315-4325.
5. 5. Carro MD, Ranilla MJ (2003): Effect of the addition of malate on in vitro rumen fermentation of cereal grains. Brit J Nutr, 89, 181-187.
6. 6. Carro MD, Ranilla MJ, Giráldez FJ, et al. (2006): Effects of malate on diet digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, plasma metabolites, and performance of growing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci, 84, 405-410
7. 7. Castillo C, Benedito JL, Méndez J, et al. (2004): Organic acids as a substitute for monensin in diets for beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 115, 101-116.
8. 8. Chaney AL, Marbach EP (1962): Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin Chem, 8, 130- 132.

9. 9. Devant M, Bach A, García JA (2007): Effect of malate supplementation to dairy cows on rumen fermentation and milk production in early lactation. J Appl Anim Res, 31, 169-172.
10. 10. Flores C (2004): Improving performance of sheep using fibrolytic enzymes in dairy ewes and malate in fattening lambs. PhD thesis. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 106 pp. 11. Foley PA, Kenny DA, Callan JJ, et al. (2009): Effect of DL-malic acid supplementation on feed intake, methane emission, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. J Anim Sci, 87, 1048-1057. 12. Gottschalk G(1986): Bacteria Metabolism (2nd Ed.). Sparinger-Verlag. New York.
11. 13. Hoover WH (1986): Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci, 69, 2755-2766.
12. 14. Khampa S, Chumpawadee S, Wanapat M (2009): Supplementation of malate level and cassava hay in highquality feed block on ruminal fermentation efficiency and digestibility of nutrients in lactating dairy cows. Pakistan J Nutr, 8, 441-446.
13. 15. Khampa S, Wanapat M, Wachirapakorn C, et al. (2006). Effect of levels of sodium DL-malate supplementation on ruminal fermentation efficiency of concentrates containing high levels of cassava chip in dairy steers. Asian Austral J Anim Sci 19, 368-375.
14. 16. Kung L, Huber Jr JT, Krummrey JD, et al. (1982): Influence of adding malic acid to dairy cattle rations on milk production, rumen volatile acids, digestibility, and nitrogen utilization. J Dairy Sci, 65, 1170-1174.
15. 17. Liu Q, Wang C, Yang WZ, et al. (2009): Effects of malic acid on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers. Anim, 3, 32-39.
16. 18. Malekkhahi M, Tahmasbi AM, Naserian AA, et al. (2015): Effects of essential oils, yeast culture and malate on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Baluchi lambs fed high-concentrate diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 99, 221- 229.
17. 19. Martin SA, Streeter MN (1995): Effect of malate on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. J Anim Sci, 73, 2141-2145.
18. 20. Martin SA, Streeter MN, Nisbet DJ, et al. (1999). Effects of Dl-malate on ruminal metabolism and performance of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci, 77, 1008- 1015.
19. 21. Montano MF, Chai W, Zinn-Ware TE, et al. (1999): Influence of malic acid supplementation on ruminal pH, lactic acid utilization, and digestive function in steers fed high-concentrate finishing diets. J Anim Sci, 77, 780-784.
20. 22. Mungoi M, Flores C, Casals R, et al. (2012): Effect of malate and starch source on digestibility and nutrient balance of growing- fattening lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 22, 154-162.
21. 23. Nisbet DJ, Callaway TR, Edrington TS, et al. (2009): Effects of the dicarboxylic acids malate and fumarate on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica typhimurium populations in pure culture and in mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations. Curr Microbiol, 58, 488-92.
22. 24. Nisbet DJ, Martin SA (1991): Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on lactate utilization by the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. J Anim Sci, 69, 4628-4633.
23. 25. Nisbet DJ, Martin SA (1994): Factors affecting L-lactate utilization by Selenomonas ruminantium. J Anim Sci, 72, 1355-1361.
24. 26. NRC (2007): Nutrient requirement of small ruminant. Sheep, goats, cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
25. 27. Oeztuerk H, Emre B, Sagmanligil V, et al. (2010): Effects of nisin and propolis on ruminal fermentation in vitro. J Anim Veterinary Adv, 9, 2752-2758.
26. 28. Sahoo A, Jena B (2014): Organic acids as rumen modifiers. Intern J Sci and Res, 3, 2262-2266.
27. 29. Salama AAK, Caja G, Carin D, et al. (2002): Effects of adding a mixture of malate and yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on milk production of Muriciano-Granadina dairy goats. Anim Res, 51, 295-303.
28. 30. Sanson DW, Stallcup OT (1984): Growth response and serum constituents of Holstein bulls fed malic acid. Nutr Rep Int, 30, 1261-1267.
29. 31. SAS (2001): SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
30. 32. Sniffen CJ, Ballard CS, Carter MP, et al. (2006): Effects of malic acid on microbial efficiency and metabolism in continuous culture of rumen contents and on performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 127, 13-31.
31. 33. Tejido ML, Ranilla MJ, Garcia-Martinez R, et al. (2005): In vitro microbial growth and rumen fermentation of different diets as affected by the addition of disodium malate. Anim Sci J, 81, 31-38.
32. 34. TSE (1991): Hayvan yemleri-metabolik (çevrilebilir) enerji tayini-kimyasal metot. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, TS 9610, Ankara, pp.: 1-5.
33. 35. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991): Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583-3597.
34. 36. Vyas D, Beauchemin KA, Koenig KM (2015): Using organic acids to control subacute ruminal acidosis and fermentation in feedlot cattle fed a high-grain diet. J Anim Sci, 93, 3950-3958.
35. 37. Wang C, Liu Q, Yang WZ, et al. (2009): Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Livest Sci, 124, 182-188.
36. 38. Warren H (2014): Dietary strategies to optimize rumen efficiency. Available: https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/20224-dietarystrategies-to-optimize-rumen-efficiency