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AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 62, 107 - 139, 13.11.2023

Öz

The increased focus of Türkiye on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has become a significant topic of examination owing to its notable characteristics. While the literature extensively explores the
country’s relations with Africa as a whole, there is a limited focus on its specific interactions with the SSA. This study comprehensively examines the diplomatic, normative power, and soft power aspects of the relations with the area from 1998 to the present, by incorporating up-to-date data on the subject matter.

Kaynakça

  • African Union, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/37754-doc-2014_africa_-_turkey_declaration.pdf , Accessed: 28.9.2022.
  • Afrika Çalışmaları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, http://acaum.ankara.edu.tr/hakkimizda/bbbbb/ , Accessed: 23.8.2022.
  • Al Jazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/18/turkey-africa-partnership-summit , Accessed: 11.10.2022.
  • Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr , Accessed: 3.10.2022.
  • Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/uploads/userFilesShared/AA-GLOBAL-FOY-TR.pdf Accessed: 11.10.2022.
  • Asplund, A. (2018). “Normative Power Japan: Settling for ‘Chinese Democracy’”. Contemporary Japan, 30(1), 117-134.
  • Aras, B. (2009). “The Davutoğlu era in Turkish foreign policy.” Insight Turkey, 127-142.
  • Baydemir, M. (2020). “Türkiye’nin ‘Afrika Açılımı’: Yükseköğretimde Sahraaltı Afrikalı Öğrenci Hareketliliği (2013-2018)”. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 56-68. Brennan, S., & Herzog, M. (2014). Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cem, İ. (2001). Turkey in the New Century: Speeches and Texts Presented at International Fora (1995-2001), Rustem.
  • Cem, İ. (2009) Turkey, Europe, Eurasia, the “Union” of Europe and Turkey, Volume II. İşbankası Yayınları.
  • Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/afrika-acilim-politikasi-1717211, Accessed: 12.2.2020.
  • Development Initiative Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2021, https://devinit.org/documents/1008/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2021.pdf , Accessed:13.10.2022.
  • DEIK, https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/deik-africa-presentation-11-05-rvz.pdf , Accessed:6.10.2022.
  • De Nevers, R. (2007). “Imposing International Norms: Great powers and Norm Enforcement”. International Studies Review, 9(1), 53-80.
  • De Zutter, E. (2010). “Normative Power Spotting: An Ontological and Methodological Appraisal”.
  • Journal of European Public Policy, 17(8), 1106-1127.
  • Diez, T. (2005). “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe”. Millennium, 33(3), 613-636.
  • Diez, T., & Manners, I. (2007). “Reflecting on Normative Power Europe”. In Power in World Politics (pp. 173-188).
  • Routledge. Eriksen, E. (2006). “The EU – A Cosmopolitan Polity?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13 (2), 252–69.
  • Fırat, M. (2007). Türkiye-Afrika İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Arka Planı ve Afrika Açılımı’nda Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Rolü, Uluslararası Türk-Afrika Kongresi, 1(5)
  • Forsberg, T. (2011). “Normative Power Europe, Once Again: A Conceptual Analysis of an Ideal Type”. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183-1204.
  • Genc, S., & Tekin, O. (2014). “Turkey’s Increased Engagement in Africa: The Potential, Limits and Future Perspective of Relations” European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 7(1), 87-115.
  • Hale, W. (2012). Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774, Routledge.
  • Hall, I. (2017). Narendra Modi and India’s Normative Power. International Affairs, 93(1), 113-131.
  • Harte, J. (2012). “Turkey Shocks Africa”. World Policy Journal, 29(4), 27-38.
  • Hazar, N. (2000). “The Future of Turkish-African Relations”. Dış Politika, (3-4), 107-114.
  • Hurriyet Daily News, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-erdogan-launches-projects-in-somalia-under-tight-security-77392, Accessed: 11.6.2023.
  • Ibrahim Shire, M. (2022). “Turkey’s Evolving Security Policy in Somalia”, University of Portsmouth, (February 1, 2022).
  • International Monetary Fund, https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61013712 Accessed: 31.8.2022.
  • International Monetary Fund, https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61013712 Accessed: 31.8.2022.
  • İpek, V. (2014). “The 2011 Landing of Turkey on Somalia: the “State to People” Aspect of Turkish Foreign Policy Towards sub-Saharan Africa”. European Scientific Journal.
  • Kavalski, E. (2014). “The Shadows of Normative Power in Asia: Framing the International Agency of China, India, and Japan”. Pacific Focus, 29(3), 303-328.
  • Kavalski, E. (2018). “The Guanxi of Relational International Affairs”. Chinese Political Science Review, 3(3), 233-251.
  • Kavalski, E., & Zolkos, M. (2016). “The Recognition of Nature in International Relations. In Recognition and Global Politics” (pp. 139-156). Manchester University Press.
  • Kaya, A. “Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1998 to 2022: A Quest for a Normative Power Role, The Horn of Africa Case.” Leipzig University, Germany.
  • Kumar, R. (2008). “India as a Foreign Policy Actor–Normative Redux”. In Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its Global Partners (pp. 211-264). CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Langan, M. (2017). “Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa”. Springer.
  • Manners, I. (2002). “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”. JCMS: Journal of
  • Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-258.
  • Manners, I. (2008). “The Normative Ethics of the European Union”. International Affairs, 45-60.
  • Manners, I. (2013). “Assessing the Decennial, Reassessing the Global: Understanding European Union Normative Power in Global Politics”. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 304-329.
  • Merlingen, M. (2007). Everything Is Dangerous: A Critique of Normative Power Europe’. Security Dialogue, 38(4), 435-453.
  • Mitta, G. M. (2021). “Normative Power Europe? The European Union Democracy Promotion in Africa: A Focus on Ethiopia” (Pre-April 2018). Journal of African Studies and Development, 13(1), 9-14.
  • Mohammad, N. M. (2012). Discourse and Identity in Iran’s Foreign Policy.
  • Nye, J.S. (2012). “China and Soft Power”, South African Journal of International Affairs, 19(2).
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/5944.pdf , Accessed: 2.12.2020
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16823.pdf ,Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22855.pdf , Accessed:12.8.2022.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/06/20180622-11.pdf, Accessed : 3.10.2022.
  • OECD, https://stats.oecd.org/# Accessed: 30.8.2022.
  • On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TeknikIsbirligi_ve_KalkinmaYardımlariCalismaGrubuRaporu.pdf , Accessed: 11.8.2022.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). “Multiple Faces of the “New” Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and. Insight Turkey, 13(1), 47-65.
  • Parlar Dal, E. (2013). “Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Africa Region: New Dynamics and their Limitations”. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 709-734.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/basin-aciklamalari-ahmet-necdet-sezer/1720/5320/dunya-surdurulebilir-kalkinma-zirvesi Accessed: 5.12.2020.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/ozeldosyalar/turkiye-afrika/zirve/ , Accessed: 29.9.2022.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/ozeldosyalar/turkiye-afrika/zirve/, Accessed:29.9.2022.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/95940/president-erdogan-goes-to-south-africa-to-attend-brics-summit- Accessed:11.6.2023.
  • Qin, Y. (2016). “A Relational Theory of World Politics”. International Studies Review, 18(1), 33-47.
  • Question of Cyprus: Resolution / Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660053?ln=en , Accessed: 6.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.de.mfa Accessed: 24.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-sudan-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 2.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-senegal-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-nijerya-cumhuriyeti-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-gana-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-kenya-siyasi-iliskileri-.tr.mfa , Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo.en.mfa, Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo.en.mfa, Accessed :11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-tanzanya-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa Accessed: 11.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-somali-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa Accessed: 11.8.2022.
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AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 62, 107 - 139, 13.11.2023

Öz

The increased focus of Türkiye on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has become a significant topic of examination owing to its notable characteristics. While the literature extensively explores the
country’s relations with Africa as a whole, there is a limited focus on its specific interactions with the SSA. This study comprehensively examines the diplomatic, normative power, and soft power
aspects of the relations with the area from 1998 to the present, by incorporating up-to-date data on the subject matter.

Kaynakça

  • African Union, https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/37754-doc-2014_africa_-_turkey_declaration.pdf , Accessed: 28.9.2022.
  • Afrika Çalışmaları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, http://acaum.ankara.edu.tr/hakkimizda/bbbbb/ , Accessed: 23.8.2022.
  • Al Jazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/18/turkey-africa-partnership-summit , Accessed: 11.10.2022.
  • Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr , Accessed: 3.10.2022.
  • Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/uploads/userFilesShared/AA-GLOBAL-FOY-TR.pdf Accessed: 11.10.2022.
  • Asplund, A. (2018). “Normative Power Japan: Settling for ‘Chinese Democracy’”. Contemporary Japan, 30(1), 117-134.
  • Aras, B. (2009). “The Davutoğlu era in Turkish foreign policy.” Insight Turkey, 127-142.
  • Baydemir, M. (2020). “Türkiye’nin ‘Afrika Açılımı’: Yükseköğretimde Sahraaltı Afrikalı Öğrenci Hareketliliği (2013-2018)”. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 56-68. Brennan, S., & Herzog, M. (2014). Turkey and the Politics of National Identity: Social, Economic and Cultural Transformation. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cem, İ. (2001). Turkey in the New Century: Speeches and Texts Presented at International Fora (1995-2001), Rustem.
  • Cem, İ. (2009) Turkey, Europe, Eurasia, the “Union” of Europe and Turkey, Volume II. İşbankası Yayınları.
  • Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/afrika-acilim-politikasi-1717211, Accessed: 12.2.2020.
  • Development Initiative Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2021, https://devinit.org/documents/1008/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2021.pdf , Accessed:13.10.2022.
  • DEIK, https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/deik-africa-presentation-11-05-rvz.pdf , Accessed:6.10.2022.
  • De Nevers, R. (2007). “Imposing International Norms: Great powers and Norm Enforcement”. International Studies Review, 9(1), 53-80.
  • De Zutter, E. (2010). “Normative Power Spotting: An Ontological and Methodological Appraisal”.
  • Journal of European Public Policy, 17(8), 1106-1127.
  • Diez, T. (2005). “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe”. Millennium, 33(3), 613-636.
  • Diez, T., & Manners, I. (2007). “Reflecting on Normative Power Europe”. In Power in World Politics (pp. 173-188).
  • Routledge. Eriksen, E. (2006). “The EU – A Cosmopolitan Polity?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13 (2), 252–69.
  • Fırat, M. (2007). Türkiye-Afrika İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Arka Planı ve Afrika Açılımı’nda Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Rolü, Uluslararası Türk-Afrika Kongresi, 1(5)
  • Forsberg, T. (2011). “Normative Power Europe, Once Again: A Conceptual Analysis of an Ideal Type”. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183-1204.
  • Genc, S., & Tekin, O. (2014). “Turkey’s Increased Engagement in Africa: The Potential, Limits and Future Perspective of Relations” European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 7(1), 87-115.
  • Hale, W. (2012). Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774, Routledge.
  • Hall, I. (2017). Narendra Modi and India’s Normative Power. International Affairs, 93(1), 113-131.
  • Harte, J. (2012). “Turkey Shocks Africa”. World Policy Journal, 29(4), 27-38.
  • Hazar, N. (2000). “The Future of Turkish-African Relations”. Dış Politika, (3-4), 107-114.
  • Hurriyet Daily News, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-erdogan-launches-projects-in-somalia-under-tight-security-77392, Accessed: 11.6.2023.
  • Ibrahim Shire, M. (2022). “Turkey’s Evolving Security Policy in Somalia”, University of Portsmouth, (February 1, 2022).
  • International Monetary Fund, https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61013712 Accessed: 31.8.2022.
  • International Monetary Fund, https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61013712 Accessed: 31.8.2022.
  • İpek, V. (2014). “The 2011 Landing of Turkey on Somalia: the “State to People” Aspect of Turkish Foreign Policy Towards sub-Saharan Africa”. European Scientific Journal.
  • Kavalski, E. (2014). “The Shadows of Normative Power in Asia: Framing the International Agency of China, India, and Japan”. Pacific Focus, 29(3), 303-328.
  • Kavalski, E. (2018). “The Guanxi of Relational International Affairs”. Chinese Political Science Review, 3(3), 233-251.
  • Kavalski, E., & Zolkos, M. (2016). “The Recognition of Nature in International Relations. In Recognition and Global Politics” (pp. 139-156). Manchester University Press.
  • Kaya, A. “Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1998 to 2022: A Quest for a Normative Power Role, The Horn of Africa Case.” Leipzig University, Germany.
  • Kumar, R. (2008). “India as a Foreign Policy Actor–Normative Redux”. In Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its Global Partners (pp. 211-264). CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Langan, M. (2017). “Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa”. Springer.
  • Manners, I. (2002). “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”. JCMS: Journal of
  • Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-258.
  • Manners, I. (2008). “The Normative Ethics of the European Union”. International Affairs, 45-60.
  • Manners, I. (2013). “Assessing the Decennial, Reassessing the Global: Understanding European Union Normative Power in Global Politics”. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 304-329.
  • Merlingen, M. (2007). Everything Is Dangerous: A Critique of Normative Power Europe’. Security Dialogue, 38(4), 435-453.
  • Mitta, G. M. (2021). “Normative Power Europe? The European Union Democracy Promotion in Africa: A Focus on Ethiopia” (Pre-April 2018). Journal of African Studies and Development, 13(1), 9-14.
  • Mohammad, N. M. (2012). Discourse and Identity in Iran’s Foreign Policy.
  • Nye, J.S. (2012). “China and Soft Power”, South African Journal of International Affairs, 19(2).
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/5944.pdf , Accessed: 2.12.2020
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16823.pdf ,Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22855.pdf , Accessed:12.8.2022.
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/06/20180622-11.pdf, Accessed : 3.10.2022.
  • OECD, https://stats.oecd.org/# Accessed: 30.8.2022.
  • On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TeknikIsbirligi_ve_KalkinmaYardımlariCalismaGrubuRaporu.pdf , Accessed: 11.8.2022.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). “Multiple Faces of the “New” Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and. Insight Turkey, 13(1), 47-65.
  • Parlar Dal, E. (2013). “Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Africa Region: New Dynamics and their Limitations”. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 709-734.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/basin-aciklamalari-ahmet-necdet-sezer/1720/5320/dunya-surdurulebilir-kalkinma-zirvesi Accessed: 5.12.2020.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/ozeldosyalar/turkiye-afrika/zirve/ , Accessed: 29.9.2022.
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  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/95940/president-erdogan-goes-to-south-africa-to-attend-brics-summit- Accessed:11.6.2023.
  • Qin, Y. (2016). “A Relational Theory of World Politics”. International Studies Review, 18(1), 33-47.
  • Question of Cyprus: Resolution / Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660053?ln=en , Accessed: 6.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.de.mfa Accessed: 24.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-sudan-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 2.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-senegal-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-nijerya-cumhuriyeti-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-gana-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa , Accessed: 3.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-kenya-siyasi-iliskileri-.tr.mfa , Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo.en.mfa, Accessed: 11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo.en.mfa, Accessed :11.12.2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-tanzanya-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa Accessed: 11.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-somali-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa Accessed: 11.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://diad.mfa.gov.tr/diad/tarihce/1991-2.pdf , Accessed: 12.8.2022.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa, Accessed: 5.12.2020.
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  • Scheipers, S. & D. Sicurelli (2007) ‘Normative Power Europe: a Credible Utopia?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 45 (2): 435-57.
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  • TİKA, https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2021/12/Afrika_Zirvesi.pdf , Accessed: 22.8.2022.
  • TİKA, https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr , Accessed: 24.8.2022.
  • TİKA, https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr , Accessed: 30.9.2022.
  • Tocci, N. (2007). “Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners”. CEPS Working Documents, (279).
  • TRT Hausa, https://www.trt.net.tr/hausa/ , Accessed: 11.10.2022.
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  • TÜİK, https://data.tuik.gov.tr Accessed: 6.10.2022.
  • Tully, J. (1995). “Strange multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (No. 1)”. Cambridge University Press.
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  • Wheeler, T. (2011). “Ankara to Africa: Turkey’s Outreach since 2005”. South African Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 1: 43–62.
  • Womack, B. (2008). “China As a Normative Foreign Policy Actor. In Who is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor?” In The European Union and its Global Partners (pp. 265-299). CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies.
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Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ali Kaya Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2489-1031

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 62

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, A. (2023). AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY. Avrasya Etüdleri(62), 107-139.
AMA Kaya A. AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY. Avrasya Etüdleri. Kasım 2023;(62):107-139.
Chicago Kaya, Ali. “AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY”. Avrasya Etüdleri, sy. 62 (Kasım 2023): 107-39.
EndNote Kaya A (01 Kasım 2023) AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY. Avrasya Etüdleri 62 107–139.
IEEE A. Kaya, “AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY”, Avrasya Etüdleri, sy. 62, ss. 107–139, Kasım 2023.
ISNAD Kaya, Ali. “AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY”. Avrasya Etüdleri 62 (Kasım 2023), 107-139.
JAMA Kaya A. AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2023;:107–139.
MLA Kaya, Ali. “AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY”. Avrasya Etüdleri, sy. 62, 2023, ss. 107-39.
Vancouver Kaya A. AFTER 25 YEARS OF TÜRKIYE’S OPENING TO (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA: FROM ENDEAVOURS TO STATE POLICY. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2023(62):107-39.