Küreselleşmenin Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Etiyopya Dış Politikasına Etkisi

Öz

Dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde olduğu gibi, Etiyopya bölgesi de Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Doğu-Batı rekabetinden etkilenmiştir. Gerek Doğu gerekse Batı bloğu ülkeleri, Etiyopya bölgesinin ve Afrika boynuzunun stratejik açıdan önemli bir bölümünde güçlü konumlarını sürdürmeyi  ekonomik ve siyasi fayda sağlamak adına önemli bir ön şart olarak düşünüyordu. Dahası, iki blok, kendi ideolojilerine yakın olan hükümetleri istikrara kavuşturmayı amaçlıyordu. Bu, Etiyopya’yı hem ABD'nin en büyük ekonomik ve askeri yardım programının merkezi haline getirdi hem de ABD’nın Sahra-altı Afrika'sındaki en büyük elçiliğinin burada konumlanmasına yol açtı. Ancak bu uzun ömürlü ve güçlü ABD-Etiyopya ilişkisi, Sovyet destekli bir askeri rejimin iktidara gelmesiyle paramparça oldu. Bununla birlikte, 1980'lerin sonundaki SSCB'nin çöküşü, askeri rejimin genel kapasitesine ciddi bir darbe indirdi. Nihayetinde 1991'deki askeri rejimin devrilmesine ve bunun yerine Etiyopyalı Halkların Devrimci Demokratik Cephesi'nin (EPRDF) gelmesine yol açtı. ABD'nin dış politikadaki önde gelen ortağı olarak Etiyopya, Soğuk Savaş Sonrası dönemde başta piyasa ekonomisi ve liberal demokrasi olmak üzere egemen evrensel paradigmanın etkisinde kaldı. Ayrıca, Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesi ve ardından bölgede Çin, Hindistan, Türkiye, Brezilya, Malezya ve Körfez Devletleri gibi yeni güçlerin ortaya çıkması, Etiyopya'nın dış politika ortaklarının çeşitlenmesine yol açtı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Küreselleşme,Etiyopya,Demokrasi,Serbest Pazar,Dış Politika

Globalization and Its Impact on The Post-Cold War Era Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy

Öz

Like the other parts of the world, the Ethiopian region was also affected by the East-West rivalry of the Cold War Era. Both the Eastern and Western block countries believed that maintaining a strong hold in the strategically important area of the Ethiopian region and horn of Africa is a pre-requisite to safeguard their economic and political benefit. Furthermore, the two blocks aimed to stabilize governments which were pro for their respective ideologies. This helped Ethiopia to be the focal point of the United States largest economic and military assistance program and the location of largest embassy in sub-Saharan Africa. This long lived and strong U.S - Ethiopian relationship, however, was devoured by the coming to power of a Soviet backed military regime. On the other hand, the disintegration of the former USSR in the late 1980s manifested a serious blow in the overall capacity of the military regime. This finally led to the down fall of the military regime in 1991 and its replacement by the late Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Post-Cold War Era Ethiopia, as a main foreign policy partner of the U.S, was significantly influenced by the prevailed universal paradigm that mainly featured market economy and liberal democracy. Moreover, the culmination of the Cold War and the subsequent emergence of new powers in the region such as China, India, Turkey, Brazil, Malaysia and the oil reach Gulf States led to the diversification of Ethiopian foreign policy partners.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Globalisation,Ethiopia,Democracy,Free Market,Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

1. ALDEN Chris - ARAN Ammon Foreign Policy Analysis New Approaches, Routledge, New York 2012.
2. CHERU Fantu - OBI Cyril, “Africa in the Twenty-First Century: Strategic and Development Challenges”, in Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi (ed.) the Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, Zed Books, London 2012. CRAFTS N and VERABLES, A. J., Globalization in History, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2003. FDRE Foreign Affairs and National Security Policy and Strategy, (Addis Ababa: Ministry of Information Press and Audiovisual Department, 2002.
3. HELD David, “The End of the Old Order?” (Review of International Studies, 24, 1998), cited in Nilüfer Karacasulu Göksel, Globalisation and the State, 2012.
4. JALATA Assefa, Ethiopia: The State of Terror and War in the Horn of Africa, Paper presented at the Eritrean Festival, Washington, D.C. Jul. 2007, p. 1-6.
5. LYMAN N. Princeton “The War on Terrorism in Africa”, in J. Harbeson & D, Rothchild (eds.), Africa in World Politics, Westview Press, Colorado 2013. MANTZIKOS I. “U.S foreign Policy Making toward Ethiopia and Somalia (1974-1980)”, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 4, No. 6, June 2010. p. 241-248.
6. MESFIN, Berouk, “The Horn of Africa as a Security Complex: Towards a Theoretical Framework”, Institute for Security Studies, 2010. p. 1-18. METAFERIA Getachew, Ethiopia and the United States History, Diplomacy, and Analysis, Algora Publishing, New York 2009. MOHAMED A. Mohamed, U.S. Strategic Interest in Somalia: From Cold War Era to War on Terror, Pro Quest LLC, Michigan 2009.
7. SCHRAEDER Peter J. “The Horn of Africa: U.S Foreign Policy in an Altered Cold War Environment”, Middle East Journal, Vol.46, No.4, Autumn 1992. p. 571-593. SHEWAKENA Fekade. “Ethiopia - Invasion of Somalia a Serious Long-Term Foreign Policy Blunder”, Kinijit press release, nazret.com 18 January 2007.
8. SHINN David, “U.S. policy towards the Horn of Africa”, İnternational policy digest, 13 Oct. 2011. p. 1-8.

9. SHINN David, “China and the Horn of Africa”, paper presented in the panel organised by Middle East Studies Association, Washington, D.C. December 2011. p. 1-10.
10. Internet Sources
11. African Forum and Network on Debt and Development, Mapping Chinese Development Assistance in Africa: An Analysis of the Experiences of Ethiopia, 2011. https://www.africaportal.org/.../mapping-chinese-development-assistance-africa-analys. Ethiopia Assessing Risks to Stability. https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/110623_Lyons_Ethiopia_Web.pdf. India Ministry of Foreign Affairs, A report on İndia-Ethiopia Relation. www.mea.gov.in/portal/foreignrelation/ethiopia-february-2012. SHINN David, Emerging Powers in Africa. http://davidshinn.blogspot.com/2012/09/emerging-powers-in-africa.html.