Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Turbine in Turkey

Öz

This article aims to assess life cycle analysis of a wind turbine in Turkey regarding production, transport, construction, operation, and disposal processes in terms of energy and environment. In this context, a 2-MW three-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine has been selected. Two different scenarios have been studied which comprises wind turbines using Al-Conductor and Cu-Conductor cables. Although the cost of Al-Conductor cables is low, their joule losses are higher. The life cycle assessment of a wind turbine includes production, transportation, construction, operation and disposal, and the energy has been generated in its operation time (selected as 20 years). Iron, cast iron, steel, copper, aluminum, and oil have been sent to a recycling facility and the composite materials has been sent for incineration at the end of its life. The energy payback period has been calculated as 10 months in both scenarios and the embodied energy is 2858.2 MWh and 2830.3 MWh for wind turbine using Al-Conductor and Cu-Conductor cable during its lifetime, respectively. Air emission and wastewater production have been calculated to assess environmental impacts (global warming, acidification, eutrophication, etc.) whose consequence provides an evaluation of the life cycle assessment of a wind turbine. For example, global warming is 14.44 and 15.24 g CO2 eq./kWh for wind turbine using Al-Conductor and Cu-Conductor cable, respectively. As a result, the life cycle analysis of the wind turbines has been evaluated and compared regarding two different scenarios according to the definition of ISO 14040 standard throughout its life from production to disposal.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Al-Conductor Cable
• Cu-Conductor Cable
• Life Cycle Assessment
• Wind Turbine

Kaynakça

1. [1] Elhouri, S. A. (2018). Using Wind Power Plants as Alternative Energy. Global Journal of Engineering Science and Researches ·, 5 (2).
2. [2] Saidur, R., Rahim, N. A., Islam, M. R., and Solangi, K. H. (2011). Environmental impact of wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (2011), 2423–2430. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.02. 024.
3. [3] NREL. (2001). Renewable Energy:An Overview. doi: 10.1049/ic.2008. 0789.
4. [4] Lee, K.-M., and Inaba, A. (2004). Life Cycle Assessment: Best Practices of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 Series. Committee on Trade and Investment, (February), 99. Retrieved from http://publications.apec.org/publication-detail.php?pub_id=453
5. [5] Agency, U. S. E. P. (2006). Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, 44 (2), 8–10.
6. [6] Tong, W. (2010). Fundamentals of wind energy. WIT Transactions on State of the Art in Science and Engineering, 44. doi:10.2495/978-1-84564.
7. [7] Makhalas, K. Al, and Alsehlli, F. (2014). Wind Power. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012014901850005X
8. [8] Martinez, E., Sanz, F., Pellegrini, S., Jimenez, E., and Blanco, J. (2008). Life cycle assessment of a multi-megawatt wind turbine. Renewable Energy, 34 (2009), 667–673. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.020.

9. [9] DNV/Risø. (2013). Design of Wind Turbines. doi:10.1201/b15566-7.
10. [10] BWE. (2016). The Structure of a Modern Wind Turbine – An Overview. German Wind Energy Association, 1–14. Retrieved from http://www.wwindea.org/technology/ch01/en/1_2.html
11. [11] The Trade Council of Denmark in Istanbul. (2020). WIND ENERGY MARKET Prepared by The Trade Council of Denmark in Istanbul wind ENERGY IN DENMARK.
12. [12] Ulu, E. Y., and Dombayci, O. A. (2018). Wind Energy in Turkey: Potential and Development. Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (EPSTEM), 4, 132–136. Retrieved from www.isres.org
13. [13] Turkish Wind Energy Association. (2020). Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report January 2020.
14. [14] Gamesa Eólica. (2007). Drawings and Specifications of Gamesa Eolica Wind Turbines.
15. [15] Deutsches Windenergie-Institut, Tech-wise, and DM Energy. (2001). Wind Turbine Grid Connection and Interaction.
16. [16] Nexans. (n.d.). Nominal cross section, 30 (36).
17. [17] SGRE. (2019). Location Finder I Siemens Gamesa.
18. [18] Chipindula, J., Sai, V., and Botlaguduru, V. (2018). Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms in Texas, 1–18. doi:10.3390/su10062022.
19. [19] Haapala, K. R., and Prempreeda, P. (2014). Comparative life cycle assessment of 2 . 0 MW wind turbines, 3 (2), 170–185.
20. [20] Jensen, J. P. (2018). Evaluating the environmental impacts of recycling wind turbines. Wind Energy, 22 (2019), 316–326. doi:10.1002/we. 2287.
21. [21] BIR. (2008). Report on the Environmental Benefits of Recycling. October, (April), 49. Retrieved from http://www.thenbs.com/topics/ DesignSpecification/articles/benefitsMasterSpecifications.asp
22. [22] Crawford, R. H. (2009). Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (2009), 2653–2660. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.008.
23. [23] Ardente, F., Beccali, G., and Ã, M. C. (2004). Life cycle assessment of a solar thermal collector: sensitivity analysis, energy and environmental balances. Renewable Energy, 30 (2005), 109–130. doi:10.1016/j. renene.2004.05.006.
24. [24] Palomo, B., and Gaillardon, B. (n.d.). Life Cycle Assessment of a French Wind Plant.
25. [25] Ardente, F., Beccali, M., Ã, M. C., and Brano, V. Lo. (2006). Energy performances and life cycle assessment of an Italian wind farm. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12 (2008), 200–217. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.013.
26. [26] Razdan, P., and Garrett, P. (2015). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from an onshore V110-2 . 0 MW Wind Plant, (December).
27. [27] D’Souza, N., Gbegbaje-Das, E., and Shonfield, P. (2011). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from a V112 Turbine Wind Plant. doi:10.1201/noe0415375528.ch3.
28. [28] Bonou, A., Laurent, A., and Olsen, S. I. (2016). Life cycle assessment of onshore and offshore wind energy : from theory to application. Applied Energy, 180, 327–337. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.058.
29. [29] Sule, T. U. N. (2014). The Influence of Primary Air Pollutants on Human Health Related Risk. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (8).