Öz
The resolvers are widely employed in motor control applications such as industrial machinery, electric vehicles, and robotic systems to determine the motor shaft angle. In conventional resolvers with radial-flux and rotor-wound structures, rotor windings are typically used. However, in this study, these windings were replaced with a Variable Reluctance Rotor configuration to enhance performance. A new high-performance resolver based on an axial-flux design was proposed. The resolver windings were implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB), forming a compact and cost-effective structure. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were conducted to evaluate the design. To assess the resolver’s performance, four different eccentricity conditions were introduced, and the system’s performance under these conditions was analyzed. The simulation results are presented graphically, illustrating both the maximum and average measurement errors. Furthermore, the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the sine and cosine output signals was evaluated to examine the influence of eccentricity-induced errors on signal quality.
Anahtar Kelimeler
PCB windings Position measurement Resolver Variable Reluctance.
Kaynakça
- [1] Benammar, M., Ben-Brahim, L., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2005). A high precision resolver-to-DC converter. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 54(6), 2289-2296.
- [2] Benammar, M., Ben-Brahim, L., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2004). A novel resolver-to-360° linearized converter. IEEE Sensors Journal, 4(1), 96-101.
- [3] Ben-Brahim, L., Benammar, M., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2008). A resolver angle estimator based on its excitation signal. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, 56(2), 574-580.https:// doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.2002719.
- [4] Celikel, R. (2019). ANN based angle tracking technique for shaft resolver. Measurement, 148, 106910
- [5] Celikel, R., Boztas, G., & Aydogmus, O. (2023). An investigation on the position errors of resolvers designed in different structures: A review. Measurement, 218, 113186.
- [6] Tootoonchian, F., & Zare, F. (2023). Sinusoidal area 2-DoF variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Sensors Journal, 24(2), 1358-1365. [7] Kim, K. C. (2013). Analysis on the charateristics of variable reluctance resolver considering uneven magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on magnetics, 49(7), 3858-3861.
- [8] Ge, X., Zhu, Z. Q., Ren, R., & Chen, J. T. (2015). Analysis of windings in variable reluctance resolver. IEEE transactions on magnetics, 51(5), 1-10.
- [9] Liu, C., Qi, M., & Zhao, M. (2013). Analysis of Novel Variable Reluctance Resolver with Asymmetric Teeth on the Stator. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013(1), 958747.
- [10] Ge, X., Zhu, Z. Q., Ren, R., & Chen, J. T. (2014). A novel variable reluctance resolver with nonoverlapping tooth–coil windings. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 30(2), 784-794.
- [11] Moghaddam, G. S., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Alipour-Sarabi, R. (2024). Hybrid excitation for a wide speed range linear sinusoidal area variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 73, 1-7.
- [12] Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Tootoonchian, F. (2015). Axial flux resolver design techniques for minimizing position error due to static eccentricities. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(7), 4027-4034.
- [13] Tootoonchian, F. (2018). Proposal of new windings for 5‐X variable reluctance resolvers. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 12(5), 651-656.
- [14] Tootoonchian, F. (2018). Proposal of a new affordable 2-pole resolver and comparing its performance with conventional wound-rotor and VR resolvers. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(13), 5284-5290.
- [15] Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., Alipour-Sarabi, R., Tootoonchian, F., & Zare, F. (2017). Performance evaluation of disk type variable reluctance resolvers. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(13), 4037-4045.
- [16] MAlemi-Rostami, M., Alipour-Sarabi, R., Rezazadeh, G., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Oraee, H. (2019). Design optimization of a double-stage resolver. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(6), 5407-5415.
- [17] Chang, T. W., Huang, P. W., Huang, W. C., Huang, C. C., Mo, C. C., & Tsai, M. C. (2023). Additive manufacturing high fault-tolerant axial flux variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 59(11), 1-5.
- [18] Saneie, H., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Tootoonchian, F. (2017). Design-oriented modelling of axial-flux variable-reluctance resolver based on magnetic equivalent circuits and Schwarz–Christoffel mapping. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(5), 4322-4330. [19] Gao, W., Shi, H., & Tang, Q. (2021). A contactless planar inductive sensor for absolute angular displacement measurement. IEEE access, 9, 160878-160886.
- [20] Tang, Q., Peng, D., Wu, L., & Chen, X. (2015). An inductive angular displacement sensor based on planar coil and contrate rotor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(7), 3947-3954.
- [21] Hoxha, A., Passarotto, M., Qama, G., & Specogna, R. (2022). Design optimization of PCB-based rotary-inductive position sensors. Sensors, 22(13), 4683.
- [22] Brajon, B., Lugani, L., & Close, G. (2022). Hybrid magnetic–inductive angular sensor with 360° range and stray-field immunity. Sensors, 22(6), 2153.
- [23] Sun, L., Luo, Z., Hang, J., Ding, S., & Wang, W. (2021). A slotless PM variable reluctance resolver with axial magnetic field. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 69(6), 6329-6340.
- [24] Sun, L., Kong, T., Wu, C., Zhang, L., Wang, W., & Ding, S. (2023). The leaf-style axial field variable reluctance resolver with an efficient decoding system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 71(9), 11581-11591.
- [25] Hajmohammadi, S., & Nasiri-Gheidari, Z. (2024). Proposal of a wound-rotor PCB-resolver. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 71(11), 15122-15129.
- [26] Deng, W., Zhao, C., Xiao, G., Qian, Z., Li, G., Chen, Q., & Wang, Q. (2025). Influence of eccentricity on the position error of variable reluctance resolvers based on the winding function method. IEEE Sensors Journal, 25(5), 8417-8432.
- [27] Park, S., Kim, J., Kwon, W., Kang, J., & Kim, N. (2025). Mechanical fault detection and classification in variable reluctance resolver based on Lissajous curve indices. Measurement, 118631.
- [28] Naderi, P. (2023). A novel variable-reluctance resolver proposal and its performance analysis under healthy and eccentric cases. Mechatronics, 90, 102948.
Öz
Çözücüler, motor şaft açısını belirlemek için endüstriyel makineler, elektrikli araçlar ve robotik sistemler gibi motor kontrol uygulamalarında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Radyal akılı ve rotor sargılı yapılara sahip geleneksel çözücülerde tipik olarak rotor sargıları kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmada, performansı artırmak için bu sargılar Değişken Relüktanslı Rotor konfigürasyonu ile değiştirilmiştir. Eksenel akılı tasarıma dayalı yeni bir yüksek performanslı çözücü önerilmiştir. Çözücü sargıları, kompakt ve uygun maliyetli bir yapı oluşturan bir baskılı devre kartı (PCB) üzerine yerleştirilmiştir. Tasarımı değerlendirmek için Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi (FEM) simülasyonları yapılmıştır. Çözücünün performansını değerlendirmek için dört farklı eksantriklik koşulu tanıtılmış ve sistemin bu koşullar altındaki performansı analiz edilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçları, hem maksimum hem de ortalama ölçüm hatalarını gösteren grafiksel olarak sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, eksantriklik kaynaklı hataların sinyal kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için sinüs ve kosinüs çıkış sinyallerinin Toplam Harmonik Bozulması (THD) değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- [1] Benammar, M., Ben-Brahim, L., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2005). A high precision resolver-to-DC converter. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 54(6), 2289-2296.
- [2] Benammar, M., Ben-Brahim, L., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2004). A novel resolver-to-360° linearized converter. IEEE Sensors Journal, 4(1), 96-101.
- [3] Ben-Brahim, L., Benammar, M., & Alhamadi, M. A. (2008). A resolver angle estimator based on its excitation signal. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, 56(2), 574-580.https:// doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.2002719.
- [4] Celikel, R. (2019). ANN based angle tracking technique for shaft resolver. Measurement, 148, 106910
- [5] Celikel, R., Boztas, G., & Aydogmus, O. (2023). An investigation on the position errors of resolvers designed in different structures: A review. Measurement, 218, 113186.
- [6] Tootoonchian, F., & Zare, F. (2023). Sinusoidal area 2-DoF variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Sensors Journal, 24(2), 1358-1365. [7] Kim, K. C. (2013). Analysis on the charateristics of variable reluctance resolver considering uneven magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on magnetics, 49(7), 3858-3861.
- [8] Ge, X., Zhu, Z. Q., Ren, R., & Chen, J. T. (2015). Analysis of windings in variable reluctance resolver. IEEE transactions on magnetics, 51(5), 1-10.
- [9] Liu, C., Qi, M., & Zhao, M. (2013). Analysis of Novel Variable Reluctance Resolver with Asymmetric Teeth on the Stator. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013(1), 958747.
- [10] Ge, X., Zhu, Z. Q., Ren, R., & Chen, J. T. (2014). A novel variable reluctance resolver with nonoverlapping tooth–coil windings. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 30(2), 784-794.
- [11] Moghaddam, G. S., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Alipour-Sarabi, R. (2024). Hybrid excitation for a wide speed range linear sinusoidal area variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 73, 1-7.
- [12] Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Tootoonchian, F. (2015). Axial flux resolver design techniques for minimizing position error due to static eccentricities. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(7), 4027-4034.
- [13] Tootoonchian, F. (2018). Proposal of new windings for 5‐X variable reluctance resolvers. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 12(5), 651-656.
- [14] Tootoonchian, F. (2018). Proposal of a new affordable 2-pole resolver and comparing its performance with conventional wound-rotor and VR resolvers. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(13), 5284-5290.
- [15] Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., Alipour-Sarabi, R., Tootoonchian, F., & Zare, F. (2017). Performance evaluation of disk type variable reluctance resolvers. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(13), 4037-4045.
- [16] MAlemi-Rostami, M., Alipour-Sarabi, R., Rezazadeh, G., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Oraee, H. (2019). Design optimization of a double-stage resolver. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(6), 5407-5415.
- [17] Chang, T. W., Huang, P. W., Huang, W. C., Huang, C. C., Mo, C. C., & Tsai, M. C. (2023). Additive manufacturing high fault-tolerant axial flux variable reluctance resolver. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 59(11), 1-5.
- [18] Saneie, H., Nasiri-Gheidari, Z., & Tootoonchian, F. (2017). Design-oriented modelling of axial-flux variable-reluctance resolver based on magnetic equivalent circuits and Schwarz–Christoffel mapping. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(5), 4322-4330. [19] Gao, W., Shi, H., & Tang, Q. (2021). A contactless planar inductive sensor for absolute angular displacement measurement. IEEE access, 9, 160878-160886.
- [20] Tang, Q., Peng, D., Wu, L., & Chen, X. (2015). An inductive angular displacement sensor based on planar coil and contrate rotor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(7), 3947-3954.
- [21] Hoxha, A., Passarotto, M., Qama, G., & Specogna, R. (2022). Design optimization of PCB-based rotary-inductive position sensors. Sensors, 22(13), 4683.
- [22] Brajon, B., Lugani, L., & Close, G. (2022). Hybrid magnetic–inductive angular sensor with 360° range and stray-field immunity. Sensors, 22(6), 2153.
- [23] Sun, L., Luo, Z., Hang, J., Ding, S., & Wang, W. (2021). A slotless PM variable reluctance resolver with axial magnetic field. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 69(6), 6329-6340.
- [24] Sun, L., Kong, T., Wu, C., Zhang, L., Wang, W., & Ding, S. (2023). The leaf-style axial field variable reluctance resolver with an efficient decoding system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 71(9), 11581-11591.
- [25] Hajmohammadi, S., & Nasiri-Gheidari, Z. (2024). Proposal of a wound-rotor PCB-resolver. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 71(11), 15122-15129.
- [26] Deng, W., Zhao, C., Xiao, G., Qian, Z., Li, G., Chen, Q., & Wang, Q. (2025). Influence of eccentricity on the position error of variable reluctance resolvers based on the winding function method. IEEE Sensors Journal, 25(5), 8417-8432.
- [27] Park, S., Kim, J., Kwon, W., Kang, J., & Kim, N. (2025). Mechanical fault detection and classification in variable reluctance resolver based on Lissajous curve indices. Measurement, 118631.
- [28] Naderi, P. (2023). A novel variable-reluctance resolver proposal and its performance analysis under healthy and eccentric cases. Mechatronics, 90, 102948.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Aralık 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 26 Mart 2026 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Mart 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1843179 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA42TR59RG |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14 |
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Download a PDF version of the Ethics and Policies [PDF,392KB].
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