İŞLETMELERDE DUYGUSAL ZEKANIN ROLÜ, ÖNEMİ VE POTANSİYELİ: UYGULAMALAR VE ÖRNEKLER
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 21 - 46, 31.12.2021
Erdoğan Koç
Öz
Bu kavramsal çalışmanın duygusal zekanın iş hayatında uygulanması konusunda yapılan çalışma sonuçları ve örnekleri bir araya getirerek araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılar için bütünsel bir başvuru eseri sunmaktır. Çalışmada temel hizmet sektörünün artan ülkelerin Gayrı Safi Milli Hasılaları içinde artan önemiyle birlikte duygusal zekanın işletmelerle olan ilişkisini ve bu hizmet sektöründe verimlilik ve etkinliğin artırılmasında duygusal zekanın rolü ve potansiyelini tartışmaktadır. Bu tartışmaların ışığında uygulayıcılara duygusal zekanın işletmelerde kullanılması ile ilgili tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Masood, M. (2017). The role of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence on job-stress, burnout and well-being among nurses. International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management, 9(2), 87-105.
- Alfonso, L., Zenasni, F., Hodzic, S., & Ripoll, P. (2016). Understanding the mediating role of quality of work life on the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviors. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 107-127.
- Amaral, D.G., Price, J.L., Pitkanen, A. and Carmichael, T. (1992) Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In: Aggleton, J. (ed.) The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 1–66.
- Ashforth, B. E. (2001). The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace. Personnel Psychology, 54(3), 721.
- Baker, D., Greenberg, C., Hemingway, C., 2006. What Happy Companies Know. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Bardzill, P., & Slaski, M. (2003). Emotional intelligence: Fundamental competencies for enhanced service provision. Managing Service Quality, 13(2), 97-104.
Bar-on, R. (1997). The Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems
- Bar On, R., & Orme, G. (2003). In Orme and Langhorn, Lessons learned from implementing EI programs – the cutting edge of emotional intelligence interventions. Competency & Emotional Intelligence Quarterly, 10(2), 32-39.
- Bar-On, R. (2010). A new US Air Force study explores the cost-effectiveness of applying the Bar-On EQ-i. http://www.eiconsortium.org/reprints/reprints.htm
- Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644-675.
- Barsade, S. ve Gibson D. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy of Management Perspectives, Febrary, 36-59.
- Boz, H., & Koc, E. (2021). Service quality, emotion recognition, emotional intelligence and Dunning Kruger syndrome. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 32(11-12), 1201-1214.
- Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2005). The emotional intelligence quickbook. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Bradberry, T. & J. Greaves (2009).Emotional intelligence 2.0. California: Talent Smart.3
- Brown, T., Etherington, J., & Williams, B. (2017). Emotional intelligence and personality traits as predictors of undergraduate occupational therapy students’ teamwork skills: A cross-sectional study. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 80(7), 432-439.
- Cavallo, K., & Brienza, D. (2002). Emotional competence and leadership excellence at Johnson & Johnson: The emotional intelligence and leadership study. Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, 1-12.
- Cavallo, K., & Brienza, D. (2006). Emotional competence and leadership excellence at Johnson & Johnson. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 2(1).
- Caruso, D. R., Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (2002). Emotional intelligence and emotional leadership. In Kravis-de Roulet Leadership Conference, 9th, Apr, 1999,
- Claremont McKenna Coll, Claremont, CA, US. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Cerf, C., and Navasky, V., 1984, The Experts Speak: The Definitive Compendium of Authoritative Misinformation, Pantheon, New York, USA.
- Chen, H.X.; Xu, X.; Phillips, P. Emotional intelligence and conflict management styles. Int. J. Organ. Anal. 2019, 27, 458–470.
- Cherniss, C. (2000). Social and emotional competence in the workplace. In R. Bar-On, & J. Parker (Eds.), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace (pp. 433-458). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Chirania, V., & Dhal, S. K. (2018). A Systematic Literature Review of Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Abilities. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management, 7(1), 10.
- Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. P., & Mayer, J. D. (Eds.). (2001). Emotional intelligence in everyday life: A scientific inquiry. Psychology Press.
- Choi, H. M., Mohammad, A. A., & Kim, W. G. (2019). Understanding hotel frontline employees’ emotional intelligence, emotional labor, job stress, coping strategies and burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 82, 199-208.
- Cole, M. L., Cox, J. D., & Stavros, J. M. (2019). Building collaboration in teams through emotional intelligence: Mediation by SOAR (strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results). Journal of Management & Organization, 25(2), 263-283.
- Dabke, D. (2016). Impact of leader’s emotional intelligence and transformational behavior on perceived leadership effectiveness: A multiple source view. Business Perspectives and Research, 4(1), 27-40.
- Deloitte Access Economics (2013). Building Our Nation’s Resilience to Natural Disasters. Report for the Australian Business Roundtable for Disaster Resilience and Safer Communities.
- Du Plessis, M., Wakelin, Z., & Nel, P. (2015). The influence of emotional intelligence and trust on servant leadership. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41, 1-9.
Eagly, A.H. & Johnson, B.T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. (108(2), 233-256).
- Edelman, P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2018). Emotional intelligence, management of subordinate’s emotions, and leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
- Fariselli, L., Freedman, J., Ghini, M. and Valentini, F. (2008). Stress, Emotional Intelligence and Performance in Healthcare. White Paper.
- FORTUNE (2020). Fortune Top 500 Companies. https://fortune.com/fortune500/search/ Accessed: 01.02.2020.
- Freedman, J. (2010). The business case for emotional intelligence. Sixseconds. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1293046/The_Business_Case_for _Emotional_Intelligence.
- Freedman, J. , & Stillman, P. (2016). The business case for emotional intelligence. Retrieved from http://www.6seconds.org/case/business‐case‐ebook/
- García-Almeida, D. J., Fernández-Monroy, M., & Saá-Pérez, D. (2015). Dimensions of employee satisfaction as determinants of organizational commitment in the hotel industry. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 25(2), 153–165.
- Gelaidan, H. M., Al-Swidi, A., & Mabkhot, H. A. (2018). Employee readiness for change in public higher education institutions: examining the joint effect of leadership behavior and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(2), 150-158.
- George, J. M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human relations, 53(8), 1027-1055.
- Geun, H. G., & Park, E. (2019). Influence of Emotional Intelligence, Communication, and Organizational Commitment on Nursing Productivity among Korean Nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 30(2), 226-233.
- Ghini, M., Freedman, J. and Caotta, A. M. (2013) "Increasing employee engagement at Komatsu", White Paper. http://www.6seconds.org
- Giao, H. N. K., Vuong, B. N., Huan, D. D., Tushar, H., & Quan, T. N. (2020). The Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Turnover Intention and the Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support: Evidence from the Banking Industry of Vietnam. Sustainability, 12(5), 1857.
- Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books
- GAO Report (1998). Military Recruiting: The Department of Defense Could Improve Its Recruiter Selection and Incentive Systems, Submitted to Congress January 30, 1998.
- Gong, Y., Wu, Y., Huang, P., Yan, X., & Luo, Z. (2020). Psychological Empowerment and Work Engagement as Mediating Roles Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
- Gray A. (2016) The 10 skills you need to thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution
- Guilford, J. R. (1997). Panel versus individual interviews: A meta-analytic investigation of employment interview validity (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Waikato).
- Gunkel, M., Schlaegel, C., & Taras, V. (2016). Cultural values, emotional intelligence, and conflict handling styles: A global study. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 568-585.
- Harlan, J. (2020). Change, Employee Resistance to Change, and Emotional Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
Hawkins, J. and Blakeslee, S. (2004) On Intelligence. Times Books, New York.
- Hendon, M., Powell, L., & Wimmer, H. (2017). Emotional intelligence and communication levels in information technology professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 165-171.
- Hong, E., & Lee, Y. S. (2016). The mediating effect of emotional intelligence between emotional labour, job stress, burnout and nurses' turnover intention. International journal of nursing practice, 22(6), 625-632.
- Humphrey, R. H. (2002). The many faces of emotional leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 493–504
- Hur, Y., van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. (2011). Transformational leadership as a mediator between emotional intelligence and team outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 591-603.
- Ingram, A., Peake, W. O., Stewart, W., & Watson, W. (2019). Emotional intelligence and venture performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 780-800.
- Rivera, D. (2019). Developing Intercultural Sensitivity as an Emotional Ability In E. Koc (Ed.), Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 75-94). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- Jensen, D., Bojeun, M. (2017), “The Value of Emotional Intelligence in Transformational Change”, AMA Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 12–15.
- Jamshed, S., & Majeed, N. (2019). Relationship between team culture and team performance through lens of knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(1), 90-109
- Kashif, M., Khurshid, M. K., & Zahid, I. (2016). Relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(5), 22-26.
- Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., & Boyle, E. (2006). Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 265-279.
- Kim, K., & Baker, M. A. (2017). The influence of other customers in service failure and recovery. In E. Koc (Ed.) Service failures and recovery in tourism and hospitality: A practical manual (pp. 122- 134). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- Kim, H., & Kim, T. (2017). Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership: A Review of Empirical Studies. Human Resource Development Review, 16(4), 377-393.
- Koc, E. (2003). The role and potential of travel agency staff as a marketing communications tool. Tourism Analysis, 8(1), 105-111.
- Koc, E. (2006). Total quality management and business excellence in services: The implications of all-inclusive pricing system on internal and external customer satisfaction in the Turkish tourism market. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17(7), 857-877.
- Koc, E. (2017). Service failures and recovery in tourism and hospitality: A practical manual. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- Koç, E. (2018). Hizmet Pazarlaması ve Yönetimi: global ve yerel yaklaşım. 3. Baskı Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Koc, E. (2019a). Emotional Intelligence in tourism and hospitality:.Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- Koc, E. (2019b). Service failures and recovery in hospitality and tourism: a review of literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(5), 513-537.
- Koc, E. and Boz, H. (2019). Development of Hospitality and Tourism Employees’ Emotional Intelligence through Developing their Emotion Recognition Abilities.Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management.
- Koc, E., & Ayyildiz, A. Y. (2021). An overview of tourism and hospitality scales: discussion and recommendations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights.Article in Press.
- Koh, C. B., & O’Higgins, E. (2018). Relationships between emotional intelligence, perceived and actual leadership effectiveness in the military context. Military Psychology, 30(1), 27-42.
- Krishnakumar, S., Perera, B., Hopkins, K., & Robinson, M. D. (2019). On being nice and effective: Work‐related emotional intelligence and its role in conflict resolution and interpersonal problem‐solving. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 37(2), 147-167.
- Lee, Y. H., R. Richards, K. A., & Washhburn, N. S. (2019). Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, Emotional Exhaustion, and Subjective Well-Being in High School Athletic Directors. Psychological reports, 0033294119860254.
- Leban, W., & Zulauf, C. (2004). Linking emotional intelligence abilities and transformational leadership styles. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 25, 554–564.
- Lewin, K. (1946). Force field analysis. The 1973 Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators, 111-13.
- Li, Z., Gupta, B., Loon, M., & Casimir, G. (2016). Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(1), 107-125.
- Mayer, J., & Salovey, P. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9, 185-211
- Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3–31). New York: Basic Books.
- McClelland, D. (1998) Identifying competencies with behavioural-event interviews, Psychological Science, 9(5), pp. 331 – 339.
- McDonald, J.F. (1998) Transposable elements, gene silencing and macroevolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13, 94–95.
- Meng L, Qi J. The Effect of an Emotional Intelligence Intervention on Reducing Stress and Improving Communication Skills of Nursing Students. NeuroQuantology 2018;16(1): 37-42.
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., Qian, S., & Pollack, J. M. (2018). Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: an exploratory meta-analysis. Career Development International.
- Michinov, E., & Michinov, N. (2020). When emotional intelligence predicts team performance: Further validation of the short version of the Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile. Current Psychology, 1-14.
- Min, J. C. (2016). Guiding the guides: developing indicators of tour guides’ service quality. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 27(9-10), 1043-1062.
- Momm, T., Blickle, G., Liu, Y., Wihler, A., Kholin, M., & Menges, J. I. (2015). It pays to have an eye for emotions: Emotion recognition ability indirectly predicts annual income. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), 147-163.
- Mount, G. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in developing international business capability: EI provides traction. In V. Druskat, F. Sala & G. Mount (eds.) Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups, 97-124.Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Mustafa, M. Z., Buntat, Y., Razzaq, A. R. A., & Ahad, R. (2020). The Hypothesis Framework for the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Commitment and the Influence of Job Satisfaction as a Mediator. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(2).
- Nguyen, T., White, S., Hall, K., Bell, R.L., & Ballentine, W. (2019). Emotional intelligence and managerial communication. American Journal of Management, 19(2), 54-63.
- Oh, H., & Jang, J. (2020). The role of team-member exchange: Restaurant servers’ emotional intelligence, job performance, and tip size. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 43-61.
- Özçelik, H., Langton, N., & Aldrich, H. (2008). Doing well and doing good: The relationship between leadership practices that facilitate a positive emotional climate and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(2), 186-203.
- Paik, Y., Seo, M. G., & Jin, S. (2019). Affective information processing in self-managing teams: The role of emotional intelligence. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 55(2), 235-267.
- Pathak, D., & Srivastava, S. (2017). What makes employees stay? Role of psychological empowerment in organisational commitment-turnover intentions relationship: a study on Indian managers. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 14(2), 180-197.
- Pesuric, A., and Byham, W. (1996). The new look in behavior modeling. Training and Development, Jul. 1996. pp. 25-33.
- Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and Phipps, S. T. A., & Prieto, L. C. (2017). Why Emotional Intelligence Is Necessary For Effective Leadership: Know the four reasons! Leadership Excellence Essentials, 34(6), 56-57.
- Porras, J. I., & Anderson, B. (1981). Improving managerial effectiveness through modeling-based training. Organizational Dynamics, 9, 60-77.
- Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2016). Workplace spirituality and organisational commitment: Role of emotional intelligence among Indian banking professionals. Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 13-23.
- Prayag, G. and Ryan, C. (2012). Visitor interactions with hotel employees: the role of nationality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6(2), 173-185.
- Prentice, C. (2019). Managing service encounters with emotional intelligence. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 344-351.
- Puertas-Molero, P., Zurita-Ortega, F., Chacón-Cuberos, R., Martínez-Martínez, A., Castro-Sánchez, M., & González-Valero, G. (2018). An explanatory model of emotional intelligence and its association with stress, burnout syndrome, and non-verbal communication in the university teachers. Journal of clinical medicine, 7(12), 524.
- Raeissi, P., Zandian, H., Mirzarahimy, T., Delavari, S., Moghadam, T. Z., & Rahimi, G. (2020). Relationship between communication skills and emotional intelligence among nurses. Nursing Management, 27(2).
- Raman, G., Peng, N. L., & Chen, I. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Leaders’ Idealized Influence on The Relationship Between Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence and Intention to Perform Among Academics in Malaysian Research Universities: Gender as A Moderator. Journal of Contemporary Issues and Thought, 10(1), 1-17.
Rauch, D. A., Collins, M. D., Nale, R. D., & Barr, P. B. (2015). Measuring service quality in mid-scale hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 87-106.
- Reb, J., Narayanan, J., Chaturvedi, S., & Ekkirala, S. (2017). The mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the relationship of mindfulness with turnover intentions and job performance. Mindfulness, 8(3), 707-716.
- Rezvani, A., Barrett, R., & Khosravi, P. (2019). Investigating the relationships among team emotional intelligence, trust, conflict and team performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 25(1/2), 120-137.
- Ro, H. and Olson, D. E. (2019). Service Failures, Recovery and Emotional Intelligence. In E. Koc (Ed.), Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 121-133). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- Rojell, E. J., Pettijohn, C. E., & Parker, R. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and dispositional affectivity as predictors of performance in salespeople. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 14(2), 113-124.
- Rosete, D., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Emotional intelligence and its relationship to workplace performance outcomes of leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(5), 388-399.
- Santos, A., Mustafa, M., & Cantu, A. A. (2018). Exploring the direct and indirect effects of emotional intelligence and frequency of customer contact on organisational citizenship behaviours among hotel employees in Mexico. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 9(3), 243-263.
Schutte, N., Malouff, J., Hall, E., Haggerty, D., Cooper, J., Golden, D., & Dornheim, (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25: 167-177.
- Sharma, K., & Mahajan, P. (2017). Relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among bank Employees. Pacific Business Review International, 9(11), 20-29.
- Sharma, T.. ve Sandeep, S. (2018). Relationship of emotional intelligence with cultural intelligence and change readiness of Indian managers in the service sector. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 4, 32-47
- Shen, C. C., Yang, C. C., Lin, C. T., & Chang, T. H. (2019). The Relationship on University Basketball Coach’s Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Behavior, Leadership Effectiveness and Athletic Performance. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(7), 2880-2886.
- Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Houghton Mifflin comp.
- Sinha, C., & Kumar, H. (2016). Relationship between emotional intelligence, work attitude & outcomes: Examination of Indian middle-managerial level employees. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 16(1).
- Seligman, M. E. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. Vintage.
- Shahid, R., Stirling, J., & Adams, W. (2018). Promoting wellness and stress management in residents through emotional intelligence training. Advances in medical education and practice, 9, 681.
- Spencer, L. M., Jr. , & Spencer, S. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Sudibjo, N., & Sutarji, T. (2020). The roles of job satisfaction, well-being, and emotional intelligence in enhancing the teachers' employee engagements. Management Science Letters, 10(11), 2477-2482.
- Tulgan, B. (2015). Bridging the soft skills gap: How to teach the missing basics to today’s young talent. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons
- Walsh, K., Chang, S., & Tse, E. C. Y. (2015). Understanding students’ intentions to join the hospitality industry: The role of emotional intelligence, service orientation, and industry satisfaction. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(4), 369-382.
- Weber, M. R., Crawford, A., Lee, J., & Dennison, D. (2013). An Exploratory Analysis of Soft Skill Competencies Needed for the Hospitality Industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(4), 313-332
- Vveinhardt, J., Bendaraviciene, R., & Vinickyte, I. (2019). Mediating factor of emotional intelligence in intercultural competence and work productivity of volunteers. Sustainability, 11(9), 2625.
- Vyas, E. (2015). Relationship between healthcare leaders' emotional intelligence and staff work engagement during transformational change: A correlational study (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
- Wen, J., Huang, S. S., & Hou, P. (2019). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 120-130.
- Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The leadership quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
- Wilson-Wünsch, B. R. And Decosta, N. P. L. (2019). Development of personal expertise in tourism and hospitality professions: cognitive knowledge, personality and learning style.In E. Koc (Ed.), Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 62-74). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
- World Fact Book (2020). Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 2020; Central Intelligence Agency: Washington, DC, USA.
Yin, J., Jia, M., Ma, Z., & Liao, G. (2020). Team leader’s conflict management styles and innovation performance in entrepreneurial teams. International Journal of Conflict Management.
- Yurur, S., Koc, E., Taskin, C., & Boz, H. (2018). Factors influencing intercultural sensitivity of hospitality employees. International journal of hospitality & tourism administration, 1-19.
- Zysberg, L., Orenshtein, C., Gimmon, E., & Robinson, R. (2017). Emotional Intelligence, personality, stress, and burnout among educators. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(Suppl 1), 122–136.