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Organik ve Konvansiyonel Şartlarda Yetiştirilen İneklerin Sütlerinin Miktar ve İçerik Bakımından Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 9 - 15, 12.12.2019

Öz

Entansif tarım, insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerinde bazı olumsuzluklara, çevre üzerinde ise ağır tahribatlara neden olmuştur. Organik tarım, entansif tarımın ortaya çıkarmış olduğu olumsuzluklara karşı bir reaksiyon olarak gelişme göstermiştir. Güncel verilere göre, 181 ülkede 69.8 milyon hektarlık alanda organik tarım yapılmakta, pazar hacminin 100 milyar dolar olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Süt ve ürünleri, meyve ve sebzeden sonra en fazla talep edilen organik ürünlerin başında yer almaktadır. Organik süt sığırı işletmeleri, meraya dayalı olması, hayvan refahına yönelik temel uygulamalar içermesi ve rasyonda sınırlı oranda kesif kullanılması bakımından, konvansiyonel işletmelerden farklılık göstermektedir. Bu farklılığın süt verimi ve bileşenleri üzerinde bazı farklılıklara neden olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, organik ve konvansiyonel şartlarda yetiştirilen ineklerin sütlerinin miktar ve içerik bakımından karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, organik ve konvansiyonel şartlarda yetiştirilen ineklerin süt miktarı ve besin madde içeriklerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Rasyonda sınırlı oranda kesif yem kullanılmasından dolayı, organik şartlarda yetiştirilen ineklerin sütleri daha düşük olmuştur. İki yetiştirme metodu arasında sütün temel bileşenlerinden olan protein, yağ ve laktoz bakımından bir farklılık olmamıştır. Organik şartlarda yetiştirilen ineklerin sütleri, insan sağlığı üzerine çok sayıda olumlu etkisi bulunan doymamış yağ asidi, konjuge linoleik asit ve omega-3 bakımından daha zengin olmuştur. Bu durumun beslenmeden kaynaklandığı bildirilmiştir. Organik süt sığırı işletmelerinde meraya dayalı bir üretim sisteminde taze ve yeşil yemlerin daha fazla tüketimi, rasyonda kaba yemin fazla olması ve sınırlı oranda kesif yemin kullanılması bu sonucu ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Bayram, B., Acar, M. C. (2018). Sustainability of organic agriculture. Second International UNIDOKAP Black Sea Symposium on BIODIVERSITY, 28-30 November 2018, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Bayram, B., Aksakal, V., Ak, İ., Mazlum, H. (2013). Comparison of quantity, nutrient content and quality of milk produced under organic and conventional conditions. Türkiye II. Organik Hayvancılık Kongresi /24-26 Ekim- Bursa (In Türkish).
  • Bergamo, P., Fedele, E., Lannibelli, L., Marzillo, G. (2003). Fat-soluble vitamin contents and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional Italian dairy products. Food Chemistry 82: 625-631.
  • Bermudez, R. R., Miranda, M., Orjales, I., Rey-Crespo, F., Munoz, N., Lopez-Alonso M. (2017). Holstein-Friesian milk performance in organic farming in North Spain: Comparison with other systems and breeds. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15 (1):
  • Butler, G., Nielsen, J., Slots, T., Seal, C., Eyre, M., Sanderson, R., Leifert, C. (2008). Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high and low input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 88: 1431-1441.
  • Butler, G., Collomb, M., Rehberger, B., Sanderseon, R., Eyre, M., Leifert, C. (2009). Conjugated linoleic isomer concentrations in milk from high-and low input management dairy systems. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 89: 697-705.
  • Butler, G., Stergiadis, S., Seal, C., Eyre, M., Leifert, C. (2010). Fat composition of organic and conventional retail milk in northeast England. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(1): 24
  • Byström, S., Jonsson, S., Martionsson, K. (2002). Organic versus conventional dairy farming-Studies from Ojebyn Project. Pages 179-184 in Proc.UK organic research 2002, Conference Aberystwyth, UK.
  • Capuano, E., Boerring-Eenling, R., Van der Verr, G., van Ruth, S. M. (2012). Analytical authentication of organic products: an overview of markers. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 93: 12-28.
  • Collomb, M., Bisig, W., Bütikofer, U, Sieber, R., Bregy, M., Etter, L. (2008). Sessional variation in the fatty acid composition of milk supplied to dairies in the mountain regions Switzerland. Dairy Science Technology, 88
  • Ellis, K. A., Innocent, G., Mihm, M., Cripps, P., McLean, W. G., Howard, C. V., Grove-White, D. (2007). Dairy cow cleanliness and milk quality on organic and conventional farm in the UK. Journal of Dairy Research 74: 302-310.
  • Evenson, R. E., Gollin, D. (2003). Assessing the impact of the green revaluation 1960-2000. Science 300: 758-762.
  • Fall, N., Forslund, K., Emanuelsen, U. (2008). Reproductive performance, general health, and longevity of dairy cows at Swedish research farm with both organic and conventional production. Livestock Science 118: 11-19.
  • Fanti, M. G. N., Almeide, K. E., Rodrigues, A. M., de Silva, R. C., Florence, A. C. R., Gioielli, L. A., Oliveire, M. N. (2008). Contribution to the study physicochemical characteristics and lipid fraction of organic milk. Technology de Alimentos, 28: 259-265.
  • Germo, R. T., Waage, S., Sviland, S., Henriksen, B. I. F., Osteras, O., Reksen, O. (2010). Reproductive performance, udder health and antibiotic resistance in mastitis bacteria isolated from Norwegian Red cows in conventional and organic farming. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52:11
  • Hardeng, F., Edge, V. L. (2001). Mastitis, ketosis and milk fever in 31 organic and 93 conventional Norwegian dairy herds. Journal Dairy Science 84: 2673-2679.
  • Hoffmann, R., Wivstad, M. (2015). Why do (don’t) we buy organic food and do we get what we bargain for? EPOK- Centre for Organic Food and Farming. Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala. ISSBN: 978-91-576-9285-6.
  • Kourimska, L., Legarova, V., Panovska, Z. Panek, J. (2014). Quality of Cows’ milk from organic and conventional farming. Czech Journal of Food Science, 32 (4): 398-405.
  • Lavrencic, A., Levart, A., Salobir, J. (2017). Fatty acid composition of milk produced in organic and conventional dairy herds in Italy and Slovenia. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6 (Suppl:1). 437-439.
  • Mogensen, L. (2012). Organic milk production based entirely on home-grown feed. Ph.D. Thesis by Lisbeth Mogensen (http://orgprints.org/4736/).
  • Muller, A., Schader, C., El-Hage Scialabba, N., Brüggemann, J., Isensee, A., Heinz Erb, K., Smith, P., Klocke, P., Leiber, F., Stolze, M., Niggli, U. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications, 8:1290.
  • Nauta, W. J., Baars, T., Bovenhuis, H. (2006). Converting to organic dairy farming: consequences for production, somatic cell scores and calving interval of first parity Holstein cows. Livestock Science 99: 185-195.
  • Palupi, E., Jayanegara, A., Ploeger, A., Kahl, J. (2012). Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 92: 2774-2781.
  • Rey-Crespo, F., Miranda, M., Lopez-Alonso, M. (2013). Essential trace and toxic element concentrations in organic and conventional milk in NW Spain. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55: 513-518.
  • Roesch, M., Doherr, M. G., Blum, J. W. (2005). Performance of dairy cows on Swiss farms with organic and integrated production. Journal Dairy Science, 88: 2462-2475.
  • Rosati, A., Aumaitre, A. (2004). Organic dairy farming in Europe. Livestock Production Sci., 90: 41-51.
  • Röss, E., Mie, A., Wivstad, M., Salomon, E., Johannson, B., Gunnarsson, S., Wallenbeck, A., Hoffman, R., Nilsson, U., Sundberg, C., Watson, C. A. (2018). Risk and opportunities of increasing yields in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 38: 14.
  • Sato, K., Barlett, P., Erskine, R. J., Kaneene, J. B. (2005). A comparison of production and management between Wisconsin organic and conventional dairy herds. Livestock Production Sci., 93: 105-115.
  • Shingfield, K. J., Salo-Vaananen, P., Pahkala, E., Toivonen, V., Jaakkola. S., Piironen, V., Huhtanen, P. (2005). Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Research, 72: 349-361.
  • Slots, T., Butler, G., Leifert, C., Kristensen, T., Skibsted, L. H., Nielsen, J. H. (2009). Potentials to different milk composition by different feeding strategies. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 2057-2066.
  • Smigic, N., Djekic, I., Tomasevic, I., Stanisic, N., Nedeljkovic, A., Lukovic, V., Minocinovic, J. (2017). Organic and conventional milk-insight on potential differences. British Food Journal 119: 366-376
  • Srednicka-Tober, D., Baranski, M., Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J. (2013). Effect of crop protection and fertilization regimes used in organic and conventional production systems on feed composition and physiological parameters in rats. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 61 (5): 1017-1029.
  • Sundberg, T., Berglund, B., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. (2009). Fertility, somatic cell count and milk production in Swedish organic and conventional dairy hreds. Livestock Science 126: 176-182.
  • Thomassen, M. A., Van Calker, K. J., Smiths, J., Lepema, G. L., de Boer I. J. M. (2008). Life cycle assessment of conventional and organic milk production in the Netherlands. Agriculture Systems, 96: 95-107.
  • Valle, P. S., Lien, G., Flaten, O., Koesling, M., Ebbesvik, M. (2007). Herd health and health management in organic versus conventional dairy herds in Norway. Livestock Science 112: 123-132.
  • Wallenbeck, A., Rousing, T., Sorensen, J. T., Bieber, A., Neff, A. S., Fuerst-Waltl, B., Winckler, C., Pieiffer, C., Steinnger, F., Simantke, C., March, S., Brinkmann, J., Walczak, J., Wohcik, P., Ribikauskas, P., Wilhemsson, S., Skjerve, T., Ivemeyer, S. (2018). Characteristics of organic dairy major farm types in seven European Countries. Organic Agriculture,
  • Willer, H., Lernoud, J. (2019). Organic Agriculture Worldwide 2019: Current Statistics.
  • Wleck, S., Eder, M., Zollitsch, W. (2003). 1st SAFO Workshop “Socio-economic aspects of animal health and food safety in organic farming system” 5-7 th September 2003, Florance, Italy.

Comparison of Cows' Milk inTerms of Quantity and Content Raised under Organic and Conventional Conditions

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 9 - 15, 12.12.2019

Öz

Intensive agriculture has caused serious adverse effects on human and animal health and serious environmental damage. Organic agriculture has developed as a reaction to the negative effects of intensive agriculture. According to current data, organic agriculture is carried out in 181 countries on an area of 69.8 million hectares and the market volume is estimated to be 100 billion dollars. Milk and dairy products are among the most demanded organic products after fruits and vegetables. Organic dairy cattle farms, differ from conventional dairy farms in that they are based on pasture, contain basic practices for animal welfare and use limited concentration in ration. That difference is expected to cause some differences in milk yield and components. In the present study, it was aimed to compare the milk and milk content of cows raised in organic and conventional condition in accordance with this purpose, it was aimed to compare the milk content and nutrient contents of cows reared under organic and conventional conditions. In the ration, due to the limited use of concentrated feed, the milk of cows raised under organic conditions was being lower. There wasn't any difference between the two management methods in terms of protein, fat and lactose which are the main components of milk. The milk of cows raised in organic conditions was more rich in unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3, which had many positive effects on human health.

Kaynakça

  • Bayram, B., Acar, M. C. (2018). Sustainability of organic agriculture. Second International UNIDOKAP Black Sea Symposium on BIODIVERSITY, 28-30 November 2018, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Bayram, B., Aksakal, V., Ak, İ., Mazlum, H. (2013). Comparison of quantity, nutrient content and quality of milk produced under organic and conventional conditions. Türkiye II. Organik Hayvancılık Kongresi /24-26 Ekim- Bursa (In Türkish).
  • Bergamo, P., Fedele, E., Lannibelli, L., Marzillo, G. (2003). Fat-soluble vitamin contents and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional Italian dairy products. Food Chemistry 82: 625-631.
  • Bermudez, R. R., Miranda, M., Orjales, I., Rey-Crespo, F., Munoz, N., Lopez-Alonso M. (2017). Holstein-Friesian milk performance in organic farming in North Spain: Comparison with other systems and breeds. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15 (1):
  • Butler, G., Nielsen, J., Slots, T., Seal, C., Eyre, M., Sanderson, R., Leifert, C. (2008). Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high and low input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 88: 1431-1441.
  • Butler, G., Collomb, M., Rehberger, B., Sanderseon, R., Eyre, M., Leifert, C. (2009). Conjugated linoleic isomer concentrations in milk from high-and low input management dairy systems. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 89: 697-705.
  • Butler, G., Stergiadis, S., Seal, C., Eyre, M., Leifert, C. (2010). Fat composition of organic and conventional retail milk in northeast England. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(1): 24
  • Byström, S., Jonsson, S., Martionsson, K. (2002). Organic versus conventional dairy farming-Studies from Ojebyn Project. Pages 179-184 in Proc.UK organic research 2002, Conference Aberystwyth, UK.
  • Capuano, E., Boerring-Eenling, R., Van der Verr, G., van Ruth, S. M. (2012). Analytical authentication of organic products: an overview of markers. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 93: 12-28.
  • Collomb, M., Bisig, W., Bütikofer, U, Sieber, R., Bregy, M., Etter, L. (2008). Sessional variation in the fatty acid composition of milk supplied to dairies in the mountain regions Switzerland. Dairy Science Technology, 88
  • Ellis, K. A., Innocent, G., Mihm, M., Cripps, P., McLean, W. G., Howard, C. V., Grove-White, D. (2007). Dairy cow cleanliness and milk quality on organic and conventional farm in the UK. Journal of Dairy Research 74: 302-310.
  • Evenson, R. E., Gollin, D. (2003). Assessing the impact of the green revaluation 1960-2000. Science 300: 758-762.
  • Fall, N., Forslund, K., Emanuelsen, U. (2008). Reproductive performance, general health, and longevity of dairy cows at Swedish research farm with both organic and conventional production. Livestock Science 118: 11-19.
  • Fanti, M. G. N., Almeide, K. E., Rodrigues, A. M., de Silva, R. C., Florence, A. C. R., Gioielli, L. A., Oliveire, M. N. (2008). Contribution to the study physicochemical characteristics and lipid fraction of organic milk. Technology de Alimentos, 28: 259-265.
  • Germo, R. T., Waage, S., Sviland, S., Henriksen, B. I. F., Osteras, O., Reksen, O. (2010). Reproductive performance, udder health and antibiotic resistance in mastitis bacteria isolated from Norwegian Red cows in conventional and organic farming. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52:11
  • Hardeng, F., Edge, V. L. (2001). Mastitis, ketosis and milk fever in 31 organic and 93 conventional Norwegian dairy herds. Journal Dairy Science 84: 2673-2679.
  • Hoffmann, R., Wivstad, M. (2015). Why do (don’t) we buy organic food and do we get what we bargain for? EPOK- Centre for Organic Food and Farming. Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala. ISSBN: 978-91-576-9285-6.
  • Kourimska, L., Legarova, V., Panovska, Z. Panek, J. (2014). Quality of Cows’ milk from organic and conventional farming. Czech Journal of Food Science, 32 (4): 398-405.
  • Lavrencic, A., Levart, A., Salobir, J. (2017). Fatty acid composition of milk produced in organic and conventional dairy herds in Italy and Slovenia. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6 (Suppl:1). 437-439.
  • Mogensen, L. (2012). Organic milk production based entirely on home-grown feed. Ph.D. Thesis by Lisbeth Mogensen (http://orgprints.org/4736/).
  • Muller, A., Schader, C., El-Hage Scialabba, N., Brüggemann, J., Isensee, A., Heinz Erb, K., Smith, P., Klocke, P., Leiber, F., Stolze, M., Niggli, U. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications, 8:1290.
  • Nauta, W. J., Baars, T., Bovenhuis, H. (2006). Converting to organic dairy farming: consequences for production, somatic cell scores and calving interval of first parity Holstein cows. Livestock Science 99: 185-195.
  • Palupi, E., Jayanegara, A., Ploeger, A., Kahl, J. (2012). Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 92: 2774-2781.
  • Rey-Crespo, F., Miranda, M., Lopez-Alonso, M. (2013). Essential trace and toxic element concentrations in organic and conventional milk in NW Spain. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55: 513-518.
  • Roesch, M., Doherr, M. G., Blum, J. W. (2005). Performance of dairy cows on Swiss farms with organic and integrated production. Journal Dairy Science, 88: 2462-2475.
  • Rosati, A., Aumaitre, A. (2004). Organic dairy farming in Europe. Livestock Production Sci., 90: 41-51.
  • Röss, E., Mie, A., Wivstad, M., Salomon, E., Johannson, B., Gunnarsson, S., Wallenbeck, A., Hoffman, R., Nilsson, U., Sundberg, C., Watson, C. A. (2018). Risk and opportunities of increasing yields in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 38: 14.
  • Sato, K., Barlett, P., Erskine, R. J., Kaneene, J. B. (2005). A comparison of production and management between Wisconsin organic and conventional dairy herds. Livestock Production Sci., 93: 105-115.
  • Shingfield, K. J., Salo-Vaananen, P., Pahkala, E., Toivonen, V., Jaakkola. S., Piironen, V., Huhtanen, P. (2005). Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Research, 72: 349-361.
  • Slots, T., Butler, G., Leifert, C., Kristensen, T., Skibsted, L. H., Nielsen, J. H. (2009). Potentials to different milk composition by different feeding strategies. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 2057-2066.
  • Smigic, N., Djekic, I., Tomasevic, I., Stanisic, N., Nedeljkovic, A., Lukovic, V., Minocinovic, J. (2017). Organic and conventional milk-insight on potential differences. British Food Journal 119: 366-376
  • Srednicka-Tober, D., Baranski, M., Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J. (2013). Effect of crop protection and fertilization regimes used in organic and conventional production systems on feed composition and physiological parameters in rats. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 61 (5): 1017-1029.
  • Sundberg, T., Berglund, B., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. (2009). Fertility, somatic cell count and milk production in Swedish organic and conventional dairy hreds. Livestock Science 126: 176-182.
  • Thomassen, M. A., Van Calker, K. J., Smiths, J., Lepema, G. L., de Boer I. J. M. (2008). Life cycle assessment of conventional and organic milk production in the Netherlands. Agriculture Systems, 96: 95-107.
  • Valle, P. S., Lien, G., Flaten, O., Koesling, M., Ebbesvik, M. (2007). Herd health and health management in organic versus conventional dairy herds in Norway. Livestock Science 112: 123-132.
  • Wallenbeck, A., Rousing, T., Sorensen, J. T., Bieber, A., Neff, A. S., Fuerst-Waltl, B., Winckler, C., Pieiffer, C., Steinnger, F., Simantke, C., March, S., Brinkmann, J., Walczak, J., Wohcik, P., Ribikauskas, P., Wilhemsson, S., Skjerve, T., Ivemeyer, S. (2018). Characteristics of organic dairy major farm types in seven European Countries. Organic Agriculture,
  • Willer, H., Lernoud, J. (2019). Organic Agriculture Worldwide 2019: Current Statistics.
  • Wleck, S., Eder, M., Zollitsch, W. (2003). 1st SAFO Workshop “Socio-economic aspects of animal health and food safety in organic farming system” 5-7 th September 2003, Florance, Italy.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer), Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bahri Bayram

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayram, B. (2019). Comparison of Cows’ Milk inTerms of Quantity and Content Raised under Organic and Conventional Conditions. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 8(1), 9-15.