Nükleer Enerji Tüketimi, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbon Emisyonlarının Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 493 - 513, 30.06.2024

Buket Aydın , Serhat Çamkaya

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1464783

Öz

Son yıllarda sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçları çerçevesinde iklim değişikliği ile mücadele politikaları birçok ülkenin temel motivasyonu olmuştur. Bu nedenle çevre ile ilgili araştırmalar literatürde sıkça tartışılmaktadır. Özellikle fosil yakıt tüketiminin çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki zararları bu araştırmalarda dikkat çekmektedir. Bu amaçla küresel anlamda yenilenemez enerji kaynaklarının tüketiminin azaltılması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının tüketimine yönelim başlamıştır. Çalışmada 1973-2021 dönemi için İngiltere’de sağlık harcamaları üzerinde, CO2 emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme, nüfus, nükleer enerji tüketimi ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin uzun ve kısa dönemli etkisi ARDL analizi ile test edilmiştir. Hem uzun hem de kısa dönemli sonuçlar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde özellikle yenilenebilir enerjinin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki negatif etkisi göze çarpmaktadır. Bu etki yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımındaki artışın çevreye ve insan sağlığına olumlu etkisini göstermektedir. Bu noktada çevresel tahribatın insan sağlığına zararlarının en aza indirilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması temiz enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının ve temiz enerji yatırımlarının arttırılması yönündeki politikalar önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik Büyüme, Sağlık Harcamaları, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Yenilenebilir Enerji

The Effects of Nuclear Energy Consumption, Renewable Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions on Health Expenditures

Öz

In recent years, policies to combat climate change within the framework of sustainable development goals have been the main motivation of many countries. For this reason, environmental research is frequently discussed in the literature. Especially the damages of fossil fuel consumption on the environment and human health draw attention in these studies. For this purpose, there has been a global trend towards reducing the consumption of non-renewable energy resources and shifting towards the consumption of renewable energy resources. In this study, the long-run and short-run effects of CO2 emissions, economic growth, population, nuclear energy consumption and renewable energy consumption on health expenditures in the UK for the period 1973-2021 are tested with ARDL analysis. When both long-run and short-run results are evaluated together, the negative effect of renewable energy on health expenditures is particularly striking. This effect shows the positive impact of the increase in the use of renewable energy resources on the environment and human health. At this point, policies to increase the use of clean energy resources and clean energy investments are important to minimize the damages of environmental destruction to human health and to ensure sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth, Health Expenditures, Sustainable Development, Renewable Energy

Kaynakça

• Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412-5420.
• Acheampong, A. O., Adams, S., & Boateng, E. (2019). Do globalization and renewable energy contribute to carbon emissions mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa?. Science of the Total Environment, 677, 436-446.
• Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4-13.
• Alola, A. A. (2019). Carbon emissions and the trilemma of trade policy, migration policy and health care in the US. Carbon Management, 10(2), 209-218.
• Altuntaş, D., & Ersoy, E. (2021). Yatırımcı duyarlılığının BIST pay piyasasına etkisi. Sosyoekonomi, 29(50), 387-412.
• Anwar, M. A., Zhang, Q., Asmi, F., Hussain, N., Plantinga, A., Zafar, M. W., & Sinha, A. (2022). Global perspectives on environmental kuznets curve: A bibliometric review. Gondwana Research, 103, 135-145.
• Apergis, N., Gupta, R., Lau, C. K. M., & Mukherjee, Z. (2018). US state-level carbon dioxide emissions: Does it affect health care expenditure?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 521-530.
• Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries. Renewable Energy, 127, 1011-1016.
• Aydin, M., & Bozatli, O. (2023). The impacts of the refugee population, renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth on health expenditure in Turkey: New evidence from Fourier-based analyses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(14), 41286-41298.
• Azam, A., Rafiq, M., Shafique, M., Zhang, H., & Yuan, J. (2021). Analyzing the effect of natural gas, nuclear energy and renewable energy on GDP and carbon emissions: A multi-variate panel data analysis. Energy, 219, 119592.
• Baek, J. (2016). Do nuclear and renewable energy improve the environment? Empirical evidence from the United States. Ecological Indicators, 66, 352-356.
• Baek, J., & Pride, D. (2014). On the income–nuclear energy–CO2 emissions nexus revisited. Energy Economics, 43, 6-10.
• Bao, Z., & Lu, W. (2023). Applicability of the environmental Kuznets curve to construction waste management: A panel analysis of 27 European economies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 188, 106667.
• Barro, R. (1996). Health and economic growth. World Health Organization, 1-47.
• Boachie, M. K., Mensah, I. O., Sobiesuo, P., Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A. A., & Kyei-Brobbey, I. (2014). Determinants of public health expenditure in Ghana: a cointegration analysis. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, 2(2), 35-40.
• BP. (2023). British Petroleum. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html (Accessed on 18.05.2023).
• Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149-163.
• Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S. T. (2002). Air pollution and health. The Lancet, 360(9341), 1233-1242.
• Chen, X., & Lin, B. (2021). Towards carbon neutrality by implementing carbon emissions trading scheme: Policy evaluation in China. Energy Policy, 157, 112510.
• Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Lai, Z., Wang, Z., & Xia, H. (2019). Exploring the effects of economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on China’s CO2 emissions: Evidence from a regional panel analysis. Renewable Energy, 140, 341-353.
• D’amato, G., Vitale, C., De Martino, A., Viegi, G., Lanza, M., Molino, A., ... & D’amato, M. (2015). Effects on asthma and respiratory allergy of climate change and air pollution. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 10(1), 1-8.
• Dai, J., Alvarado, R., Ali, S., Ahmed, Z., & Meo, M. S. (2023). Transport infrastructure, economic growth, and transport CO2 emissions nexus: Does green energy consumption in the transport sector matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(14), 40094-40106.
• De Bruyn, S. M., van den Bergh, J. C., & Opschoor, J. B. (1998). Economic growth and emissions: reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 161-175.
• Dong, H., Xue, M., Xiao, Y., & Liu, Y. (2021). Do carbon emissions impact the health of residents? Considering China's industrialization and urbanization. Science of the Total Environment, 758, 143688.
• Dong, K., Sun, R., Jiang, H., & Zeng, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic growth, and the environmental Kuznets curve in China: What roles can nuclear energy and renewable energy play?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 51-63.
• EIA. (2022). Country Analysis Executive Summary: United Kingdom. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/GBR (Accessed on 10.02.2024).
• El-Sayed, A., & Kamel, M. (2020). Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22336-22352.
• Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
• Galeotti, M., & Lanza, A. (2005). Desperately seeking environmental Kuznets. Environmental Modelling & Software, 20(11), 1379-1388.
• Giles-Corti, B., Vernez-Moudon, A., Reis, R., Turrell, G., Dannenberg, A. L., Badland, H., ... & Owen, N. (2016). City planning and population health: A global challenge. The Lancet, 388(10062), 2912-2924.
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement.
• Hansen, A. C., & Selte, H. K. (2000). Air pollution and sick-leaves. Environmental and Resource Economics, 16, 31-50.
• Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Danish, Baloch, M. A., & Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and CO2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 31283-31296.
• Hossain, M. E., Islam, M. S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Awan, A., Hossain, M. R., & Rej, S. (2022). Mexico at the crossroads of natural resource dependence and COP26 pledge: Does technological innovation help?. Resources Policy, 77, 102710.
• Iwata, H., Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2010). Empirical study on the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in France: The role of nuclear energy. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4057-4063.
• Jahanger, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Investigating the role of information and communication technologies, economic growth, and foreign direct investment in the mitigation of ecological damages for achieving sustainable development goals. Evaluation Review, 47(4), 653-679.
• Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167-5172.
• Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration--with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
• Karaaslan, A., & Çamkaya, S. (2022). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable Energy, 190, 457-466.
• Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
• Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K., Ng, C. F., Liew, F. M., & Ching, S. L. (2019). Is nuclear energy clean? Revisit of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries. Economic Modelling, 77, 12-20.
• Lee, S., Kim, M., & Lee, J. (2017). Analyzing the impact of nuclear power on CO2 emissions. Sustainability, 9(8), 1428.
• Li, X., Song, J., Lin, T., Dixon, J., Zhang, G., & Ye, H. (2016). Urbanization and health in China, thinking at the national, local and individual levels. Environmental Health, 15, 113-123.
• Liang, L., Wang, Z., & Li, J. (2019). The effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in rapidly developing urban agglomerations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117649.
• Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U., & Megbowon, E. T. (2016). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis a sound basis for environmental policy in Africa?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 712-724.
• Liu, M., Liu, X., Huang, Y., Ma, Z., & Bi, J. (2017). Epidemic transition of environmental health risk during China’s urbanization. Science Bulletin, 62(2), 92-98.
• Lu, Z. N., Chen, H., Hao, Y., Wang, J., Song, X., & Mok, T. M. (2017). The dynamic relationship between environmental pollution, economic development and public health: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 134-147.
• Luan, S., Hussain, M., Ali, S., & Rahim, S. (2022). China’s investment in energy industry to neutralize carbon emissions: Evidence from provincial data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(26), 39375-39383.
• Managi, S., & Jena, P. R. (2008). Environmental productivity and Kuznets curve in India. Ecological Economics, 65(2), 432-440.
• Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy, 38(6), 2911-2915.
• Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
• Nathaniel, S. P., Alam, M. S., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Ahmad, P. (2021). The roles of nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth in the abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in the G7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(35), 47957-47972.
• Nica, E., Poliakova, A., Popescu, G. H., Valaskova, K., Burcea, S. G., & Constantin, A. L. D. (2023). The impact of financial development, health expenditure, CO2 emissions, institutional quality, and energy mix on life expectancy in Eastern Europe: CS-ARDL and quantile regression approaches. Heliyon, 9(11).
• OECD. (2023). Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/ (Accessed on 08.12.2023).
• Osman, A. I., Chen, L., Yang, M., Msigwa, G., Farghali, M., Fawzy, S., ... & Yap, P. S. (2023). Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(2), 741-764.
• Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
• Pata, U. K. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: Testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 846-861.
• Pata, U. K., & Samour, A. (2022). Do renewable and nuclear energy enhance environmental quality in France? A new EKC approach with the load capacity factor. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 149, 104249.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
• Raza, S. A., & Shah, N. (2018). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in G7 countries: The role of renewable energy consumption and trade. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 26965-26977.
• Sadiq, M., Kannaiah, D., Yahya Khan, G., Shabbir, M. S., Bilal, K., & Zamir, A. (2023). Does sustainable environmental agenda matter? The role of globalization toward energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(1), 76-95.
• Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). Reducing CO2 emissions in OECD countries: Do renewable and nuclear energy matter?. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 126, 103425.
• Saleem, H., Khan, M. B., Shabbir, M. S., Khan, G. Y., & Usman, M. (2022). Nexus between non-renewable energy production, CO2 emissions, and healthcare spending in OECD economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(31), 47286-47297.
• Sarkodie, S. A., & Adams, S. (2018). Renewable energy, nuclear energy, and environmental pollution: Accounting for political institutional quality in South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 1590-1601.
• Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 325-336.
• Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H., & Arouri, M. (2013). Does financial development reduce CO2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis. Economic Modelling, 35, 145-152.
• Shahzad, K., Jianqiu, Z., Hashim, M., Nazam, M., & Wang, L. (2020). Impact of using information and communication technology and renewable energy on health expenditure: A case study from Pakistan. Energy, 204, 117956.
• Şahin, G., & Ayyıldız, F. V. (2020). Climate change and energy policies: European Union-scale approach to a global problem. In Qudrat-Ullah, H., & Asif, M. (Eds.), Dynamics of energy, environment and economy. Lecture notes in energy, vol 77. Springer.
• Şahin, G., Gökdemir, L., & Ayyıldız, F. V. (2019). Türkiye örneğinde kirlilik sığınağı ve kirlenme hâle hipotezleri üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,(33), 104-140.
• Twerefou, D. K., Adusah-Poku, F., & Bekoe, W. (2016). An empirical examination of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana: An ARDL approach. Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies, 4(4), 1-12.
• Usman, M., & Radulescu, M. (2022). Examining the role of nuclear and renewable energy in reducing carbon footprint: Does the role of technological innovation really create some difference?. Science of the Total Environment, 841, 156662.
• Wang, Q., Yang, T., & Li, R. (2023). Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis. Environmental Research, 216, 114575.
• Wang, Z., Asghar, M. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic linkages among CO2 emissions, health expenditures, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15285-15299.
• Wang, Z., Hu, D., Sami, F., & Uktamov, K. F. (2023). Revisiting China's natural resources-growth-emissions nexus: Education expenditures and renewable energy innovation. Resources Policy, 85, 103923.
• Worldbank. (2023). Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/ (Accessed on 08.12.2023).
• Xu, B., Li, S., Afzal, A., Mirza, N., & Zhang, M. (2022). The impact of financial development on environmental sustainability: A European perspective. Resources Policy, 78, 102814.
• Xu, X., Yang, H., & Li, C. (2022). Theoretical model and actual characteristics of air pollution affecting health cost: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3532.
• Yacour, S., Soumbara, S. A., & El Ghini, A. (2023). Environmental quality, economic growth, and healthcare expenditure nexus for North Africa: A panel cointegration analysis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1-15.
• Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A., Sengupta, T., & Qin, Q. (2020). How renewable energy consumption contribute to environmental quality? The role of education in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122149.
• Zaidi, S., & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840.
• Zhang, B., Wang, B., & Wang, Z. (2017). Role of renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption on EKC: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 855-864.
• Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.