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THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS

Yıl 2018, , 57 - 80, 01.12.2018

Emre Ergüven

https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80
Cited By: 1

Öz

This study investigates the effects of the transnational corporations’ organization of the production all over the world on the Turkish manufacturing industry MI and determines how the Turkish MI is articulated to this global organization. To this aim, it analysed foreign-invested manufacturers in the top-1000 exporters list of the Turkish Exporters Assembly. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the senior officials of the fifteen out of 101 firms who accepted their titles being revealed. Consequently, internationalization of production reinforced foreigndependent structure of the Turkish MI; and Turkey, an intermediate zone between advanced Western countries and cheap-labour Asian countries, seems as backyard of Europe: R&D units are few, imported inputs are high, value-added is low, there is specialization in the particular stages of the medium-low and medium-high technology production, relatively qualified and cheap intermediate staff is abundant, the highest part of exports is made to Europe, the MI is part of the global production and supply networks. And more importantly, this study shows that it is no more possible for Turkish MI to compete on the basis of cheap labour; and the contradictory policies to overcome this situation are far from increasing the competitive power of the Turkish MI

Anahtar Kelimeler

Foreign direct investments internationalization of production Turkish manufacturing industry transnational corporations

Kaynakça

  • Atıcı, G. ve Gürsoy, G. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Export Decision Relationship in the Large Turkish Firms. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 2(4), 167–84.
  • Bair, J. (2005). Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward. Competition & Change, 9(2), 153–80.
  • Coe, N. M., Dicken, P. and Hess, M. (2008). Global Production Networks: Realizing the Potential. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(3), 271–95.
  • Çatık, A. N. and Karacuka, M. (2012). A Spatial Approach to Measure Productivity Spillovers of Foreign Affiliated Firms in Turkish Manufacturing Industries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 46(2), 65–83.
  • Davis, J. B. (2004). Transnational Corporations: Dynamic Structures, Strategies, and Processes. In P. A. O’Hara (ed.), Global Political Economy and the Wealth of Nations: Performance, Institutions, Problems, and Policies (pp. 129–146). London: Routledge. Economics, 35(16), 1767–1778.
  • Dikmen, A. A. (2007). Primitive Accumulation Via Global Production: The Case Only of Underdeveloped Countries. Social Scientist, 35(7/8), 44–60.
  • Dunning, J. H. (2001). The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 173–90.
  • Ebghaei, F. and Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. (2018). The Role of Exports in the Transmission of Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Turkish Manufacturing Industry. The Developing Economies, 56(1), 35–50.
  • Forsgren, M. (2008). Theories of the Multinational Firm: A Multidimensional Creature in the Global Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Fröbel, F., Heinrichs, J. and Kreye, O. (1977). The Tendency Towards a New International Division of Labor: The Utilization of a World-Wide Labor Force for Manufacturing Oriented to the World Market. Review, 1(1), 73–88.
  • Fröbel, F., Heinrichs, J. and Kreye, O. (1978). The New International Division of Labor. Social Science Information, 17(1), 123–42.
  • Gereffi, G. (1994). The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S. Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks. In G. Gereffi & M. Korzeniewicz (eds.), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (pp. 95–122).
  • Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Habertürk (2013, September 2). Rant Olmazsa Ülke Kalkınmaz http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/874181-rant-olmazsa-ulke-kalkinmaz. Retrieved Sep 2, 2013.
  • Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N. and Yeung, H. W.-C. (2002). Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development. Review of International Political Economy, 9(3), 436–64.
  • Hilferding, R. (2006). Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development (translated by M. Watnick & S. Gordon). London: Routledge.
  • Hobson, J. A. (2005). Imperialism: A Study. New York: Cosimo (originally published in 1902).
  • Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1977). Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System. Review, 1(2), 111–45.
  • Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1986). Commodity Chains in the World-Economy Prior to 1800. Review, 10(1), 157–70.
  • Hymer, S. H. (1960). The International Operation of National Firms, A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. PhD dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/27375/02013925-MIT.pdf?sequence=2. Retrieved Mar 2, 2015. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 77
  • Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The Internationalization of the Firm – Four Swedish Cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305–22.
  • Kanberoğlu, Z. and Kara, O. (2014). Türk İmalat Sanayi Katma Değeri Üzerinde Doğrudan Dış Yatırımların Rolü. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 39, 129–44.
  • Lenger, A. and Taymaz, E. (2006). To Innovate or to Transfer? A Study on Spillovers and Foreign Firms in Turkey. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(1-2), 137–53.
  • Lenin, V. I. (1964). Collected Works Volume 22: December 1915-July 1916 (translated by Yuri Sdobnikov). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2014). Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri: Örgün Eğitim, 2013-2014, Ankara: MEB.
  • National Science Board (2012). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • National Science Board (2014). Science and Engineering Indicators 2014: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • National Science Board (2018). Science and Engineering Indicators 2018: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • Neidik, B. and Gereffi, G. (2006). Explaining Turkey’s Emergence and Sustained Competitiveness as a Full. Package Supplier of Apparel. Environment and Planning A, 38(12), 2285–2303.
  • Nixson, F. (2002). Industrialization and Industrial Policy. In C. Kirkpatrick, R. Clarke & C. Polidano (eds.), Handbook on Development Policy and Management (pp. 68–77). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ok, S. T. (2004). What Drives Foreign Direct Investment into Emerging Markets? Evidence from Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 40(4), 101–14.
  • Özatağan, G. (2011). Shifts in Value Chain Governance and Upgrading in the European Periphery of Automotive Production: Evidence from Bursa, Turkey. Environment and Planning A, 43(4), 885–903.
  • Özuğurlu, M. (2008). Anadolu’da Küresel Fabrikanın Doğuşu: Yeni İşçilik Örüntülerinin Sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • Polat, B. and Payaslıoğlu, C. (2015). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Turkey: A Sectoral Approach. Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 17(2), 1–28. Radikal (2013
  • http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/bayraktar-musluman-ulkeyiz-bizden-mucit-cikmaz-1145117. Retrieved Aug 6, 6). Bayraktar: Müslüman Ülkeyiz Bizden Mucit Çıkmaz. 2013.
  • Sekmen, F. (2013). İmalat Sanayi Dış Ticaret Analizi. Kalkınma Dergisi, 70, 2–13.
  • Selwyn, B. (2012). Beyond Firm-Centrism: Re-Integrating Labour and Capitalism into Global Commodity Chain Analysis. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 205–26.
  • Selwyn, B. (2016). Global Value Chains and Human Development: A Class-Relational Framework. Third World Quarterly, 37(10), 1768–86.
  • Tatoğlu, E. and Glaister, K.W. (1998). Western MNCs’ FDI in Turkey: An Analysis of Location Specific Factors. Management International Review, 38(2), 133–59.
  • Tatoğlu, E., Glaister, K.W. and Erdal, F. (2003). Determinants of Foreign Ownership in Turkish Manufacturing. Eastern European Economics, 42(2), 5–41.
  • Taymaz, E. and Özler, Ş. (2007). Foreign Ownership, Competition, and Survival Dynamics. Review of Industrial Organization, 31(1), 23–42. 78
  • Tokatli, N. (2003). Globalization and the Changing Clothing Industry in Turkey. Environment and Planning A, 35(10), 1877–94.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007). Asymmetrical Power Relations and Upgrading Among Suppliers of Global Clothing Brands: Hugo Boss in Turkey. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(1), 67–92.
  • Tokatli, N. and Eldener, Y. B. (2004). Upgrading in the Global Clothing Industry: The Transformation of Boyner Holding. Competition & Change, 8(2), 173–93.
  • Tokatli, N. and Kızılgün, Ö. (2004). Upgrading in the Global Clothing Industry: Mavi Jeans and the Transformation of a Turkish Firm from Full-Package to Brand-Name Manufacturing and Retailing. Economic Geography, 80(3), 221–40.
  • Tokatli, N., Kızılgün, Ö. and Cho, J. E. (2011). The Clothing Industry in Istanbul in the Era of Globalisation and Fast Fashion. Urban Studies, 48(6), 1201–15.
  • TÜİK. (2017). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri Aralık 2017. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27783. Retrieved Feb 24, 2018.
  • UNCTAD. (1997). World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (1999). World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2000). World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2001). World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2002). World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2003). World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2005). World Investment Report 2005: Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2007). World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2009). World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2012). World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD. (2014). World Investment Report 2014 Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/wir2014Annex_en.pdf. Retrieved Oct 18, 2015.
  • UNCTAD. (2015). World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2016). Trade and Development Report 2016: Structural Transformation for Inclusive and Sustained Growth. Geneva: UNCTAD.
  • UNCTAD. (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the Digital Economy. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD Statistics. http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx. Retrieved Feb 23, 2018. 79
  • Vernon, R. (1966). International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207.
  • Vernon, R. (1979). The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 41(4), 255–67.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). International Trade and Market Access Data. http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e.htm?solution=WTO&path=/Dashboards/MAPS&file= Map.wcdf&bookmarkState={%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:{%22langParam%22:%22en%2 2}}. Retrieved Feb 23, 2018.

ÜRETİMİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASININ TÜRKİYE İMALAT SANAYİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YABANCI SERMAYELİ İMALATÇI-İHRACATÇILAR ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2018, , 57 - 80, 01.12.2018

Emre Ergüven

https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu makale, çokuluslu şirketlerin üretimi dünya çapında örgütlemesinin Türkiye imalat sanayisi üzerindeki etkilerini ele alıyor ve Türkiye imalat sanayisinin bu küresel örgütlenmeye nasıl eklemlendiğini ortaya koyuyor. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi’nin ilk 1000 ihracatçı listesindeki yabancı sermayeli imalatçı-ihracatçılar ele alınmış, adının açıklanmasını kabul eden 101 firmadan 15’inin yetkilileriyle yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak üretimin uluslararasılaşması Türkiye imalat sanayisinin dışa bağımlı yapısını pekiştirmiştir; gelişmiş Batı ülkeleriyle ucuz işgücüne dayalı Asya ülkeleri arasında ara bir bölge olan Türkiye Avrupa’nın arka bahçesi olarak nitelendirilebilir: Ar-Ge birimlerinin kısıtlı düzeyde olduğu, yüksek ithal girdi kullanıp düşük katma değer yaratan, orta-düşük ve orta-yüksek teknolojili üretimin belli aşamalarında uzmanlaşmış, görece nitelikli ve ucuz ara elemanların ağırlıkta olduğu, ihracatının önemli bölümünü Avrupa’ya yapan, ana firmanın kurduğu küresel üretim ve tedarik ağlarının bir parçası olan bir çerçeve söz konusudur. Daha da önemlisi, bu çalışma Türkiye imalat sanayisinin artık ucuz işgücüne dayanarak rekabet edemeyeceğini göstermektedir; ayrıca bu durumu alt etmek için uygulanan çelişkili politikalar Türkiye imalat sanayisinin rekabet gücünü artırmaktan oldukça uzaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar üretimin uluslararasılaşması Türkiye imalat sanayisi ulusötesi şirketler

Kaynakça

  • Atıcı, G. ve Gürsoy, G. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Export Decision Relationship in the Large Turkish Firms. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 2(4), 167–84.
  • Bair, J. (2005). Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward. Competition & Change, 9(2), 153–80.
  • Coe, N. M., Dicken, P. and Hess, M. (2008). Global Production Networks: Realizing the Potential. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(3), 271–95.
  • Çatık, A. N. and Karacuka, M. (2012). A Spatial Approach to Measure Productivity Spillovers of Foreign Affiliated Firms in Turkish Manufacturing Industries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 46(2), 65–83.
  • Davis, J. B. (2004). Transnational Corporations: Dynamic Structures, Strategies, and Processes. In P. A. O’Hara (ed.), Global Political Economy and the Wealth of Nations: Performance, Institutions, Problems, and Policies (pp. 129–146). London: Routledge. Economics, 35(16), 1767–1778.
  • Dikmen, A. A. (2007). Primitive Accumulation Via Global Production: The Case Only of Underdeveloped Countries. Social Scientist, 35(7/8), 44–60.
  • Dunning, J. H. (2001). The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 173–90.
  • Ebghaei, F. and Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. (2018). The Role of Exports in the Transmission of Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Turkish Manufacturing Industry. The Developing Economies, 56(1), 35–50.
  • Forsgren, M. (2008). Theories of the Multinational Firm: A Multidimensional Creature in the Global Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Fröbel, F., Heinrichs, J. and Kreye, O. (1977). The Tendency Towards a New International Division of Labor: The Utilization of a World-Wide Labor Force for Manufacturing Oriented to the World Market. Review, 1(1), 73–88.
  • Fröbel, F., Heinrichs, J. and Kreye, O. (1978). The New International Division of Labor. Social Science Information, 17(1), 123–42.
  • Gereffi, G. (1994). The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S. Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks. In G. Gereffi & M. Korzeniewicz (eds.), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (pp. 95–122).
  • Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Habertürk (2013, September 2). Rant Olmazsa Ülke Kalkınmaz http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/874181-rant-olmazsa-ulke-kalkinmaz. Retrieved Sep 2, 2013.
  • Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N. and Yeung, H. W.-C. (2002). Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development. Review of International Political Economy, 9(3), 436–64.
  • Hilferding, R. (2006). Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development (translated by M. Watnick & S. Gordon). London: Routledge.
  • Hobson, J. A. (2005). Imperialism: A Study. New York: Cosimo (originally published in 1902).
  • Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1977). Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System. Review, 1(2), 111–45.
  • Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1986). Commodity Chains in the World-Economy Prior to 1800. Review, 10(1), 157–70.
  • Hymer, S. H. (1960). The International Operation of National Firms, A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. PhD dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/27375/02013925-MIT.pdf?sequence=2. Retrieved Mar 2, 2015. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 77
  • Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The Internationalization of the Firm – Four Swedish Cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305–22.
  • Kanberoğlu, Z. and Kara, O. (2014). Türk İmalat Sanayi Katma Değeri Üzerinde Doğrudan Dış Yatırımların Rolü. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 39, 129–44.
  • Lenger, A. and Taymaz, E. (2006). To Innovate or to Transfer? A Study on Spillovers and Foreign Firms in Turkey. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(1-2), 137–53.
  • Lenin, V. I. (1964). Collected Works Volume 22: December 1915-July 1916 (translated by Yuri Sdobnikov). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2014). Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri: Örgün Eğitim, 2013-2014, Ankara: MEB.
  • National Science Board (2012). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • National Science Board (2014). Science and Engineering Indicators 2014: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • National Science Board (2018). Science and Engineering Indicators 2018: Appendix Tables, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
  • Neidik, B. and Gereffi, G. (2006). Explaining Turkey’s Emergence and Sustained Competitiveness as a Full. Package Supplier of Apparel. Environment and Planning A, 38(12), 2285–2303.
  • Nixson, F. (2002). Industrialization and Industrial Policy. In C. Kirkpatrick, R. Clarke & C. Polidano (eds.), Handbook on Development Policy and Management (pp. 68–77). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ok, S. T. (2004). What Drives Foreign Direct Investment into Emerging Markets? Evidence from Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 40(4), 101–14.
  • Özatağan, G. (2011). Shifts in Value Chain Governance and Upgrading in the European Periphery of Automotive Production: Evidence from Bursa, Turkey. Environment and Planning A, 43(4), 885–903.
  • Özuğurlu, M. (2008). Anadolu’da Küresel Fabrikanın Doğuşu: Yeni İşçilik Örüntülerinin Sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları.
  • Polat, B. and Payaslıoğlu, C. (2015). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Turkey: A Sectoral Approach. Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 17(2), 1–28. Radikal (2013
  • http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/bayraktar-musluman-ulkeyiz-bizden-mucit-cikmaz-1145117. Retrieved Aug 6, 6). Bayraktar: Müslüman Ülkeyiz Bizden Mucit Çıkmaz. 2013.
  • Sekmen, F. (2013). İmalat Sanayi Dış Ticaret Analizi. Kalkınma Dergisi, 70, 2–13.
  • Selwyn, B. (2012). Beyond Firm-Centrism: Re-Integrating Labour and Capitalism into Global Commodity Chain Analysis. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 205–26.
  • Selwyn, B. (2016). Global Value Chains and Human Development: A Class-Relational Framework. Third World Quarterly, 37(10), 1768–86.
  • Tatoğlu, E. and Glaister, K.W. (1998). Western MNCs’ FDI in Turkey: An Analysis of Location Specific Factors. Management International Review, 38(2), 133–59.
  • Tatoğlu, E., Glaister, K.W. and Erdal, F. (2003). Determinants of Foreign Ownership in Turkish Manufacturing. Eastern European Economics, 42(2), 5–41.
  • Taymaz, E. and Özler, Ş. (2007). Foreign Ownership, Competition, and Survival Dynamics. Review of Industrial Organization, 31(1), 23–42. 78
  • Tokatli, N. (2003). Globalization and the Changing Clothing Industry in Turkey. Environment and Planning A, 35(10), 1877–94.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007). Asymmetrical Power Relations and Upgrading Among Suppliers of Global Clothing Brands: Hugo Boss in Turkey. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(1), 67–92.
  • Tokatli, N. and Eldener, Y. B. (2004). Upgrading in the Global Clothing Industry: The Transformation of Boyner Holding. Competition & Change, 8(2), 173–93.
  • Tokatli, N. and Kızılgün, Ö. (2004). Upgrading in the Global Clothing Industry: Mavi Jeans and the Transformation of a Turkish Firm from Full-Package to Brand-Name Manufacturing and Retailing. Economic Geography, 80(3), 221–40.
  • Tokatli, N., Kızılgün, Ö. and Cho, J. E. (2011). The Clothing Industry in Istanbul in the Era of Globalisation and Fast Fashion. Urban Studies, 48(6), 1201–15.
  • TÜİK. (2017). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri Aralık 2017. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27783. Retrieved Feb 24, 2018.
  • UNCTAD. (1997). World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (1999). World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2000). World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2001). World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2002). World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2003). World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2005). World Investment Report 2005: Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2007). World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2009). World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2012). World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD. (2014). World Investment Report 2014 Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/wir2014Annex_en.pdf. Retrieved Oct 18, 2015.
  • UNCTAD. (2015). World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD. (2016). Trade and Development Report 2016: Structural Transformation for Inclusive and Sustained Growth. Geneva: UNCTAD.
  • UNCTAD. (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the Digital Economy. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTAD Statistics. http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx. Retrieved Feb 23, 2018. 79
  • Vernon, R. (1966). International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207.
  • Vernon, R. (1979). The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 41(4), 255–67.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). International Trade and Market Access Data. http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e.htm?solution=WTO&path=/Dashboards/MAPS&file= Map.wcdf&bookmarkState={%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:{%22langParam%22:%22en%2 2}}. Retrieved Feb 23, 2018.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Emre Ergüven Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergüven, E. (2018). THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 6(2), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80
AMA Ergüven E. THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. Aralık 2018;6(2):57-80. doi:10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80
Chicago Ergüven, Emre. “THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2018): 57-80. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80.
EndNote Ergüven E (01 Aralık 2018) THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6 2 57–80.
IEEE E. Ergüven, “THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS”, Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 57–80, 2018, doi: 10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80.
ISNAD Ergüven, Emre. “THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6/2 (Aralık 2018), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80.
JAMA Ergüven E. THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2018;6:57–80.
MLA Ergüven, Emre. “THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 57-80, doi:10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.57-80.
Vancouver Ergüven E. THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ON THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLIED STUDY ON FOREIGN-INVESTED MANUFACTURER-EXPORTERS. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2018;6(2):57-80.

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