INTERNATIONALIZATION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES: AN EVALUATION ON PROCESSES, STRATEGIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITIES OF GLOBAL BORN ENTEPRISES

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 142 - 157, 01.12.2018

Hande Karadağ

https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.142-157

Cited By: 1

Öz

Internationalization processes of small and medium sized enterprises differ greatly from large multi national companies due to their significant structural and resource availability variances. Traditional internationalization models led by Uppsala, innovative and networking models prescribe a slow and gradual internationalization process for small and medium sized companies. Theoretical and empirical studies focusing on global born enterprises, defined as the businesses that are open to international markets right from their inception, therefore do not follow this prescribed path, gained pace particularly within the last two decades. Current study focuses on processes and factors that infleunce the emergence of these economic units, as well as competitive strategies, preferences and organizational capabilities which enable them to gain sustainable global competitive advantage. Results of the study indicate that while global born enterprises can be heterogeneous in terms of market entry and competitive strategies, they share some common characterisitics, including an innovative and entrepreneurial company culture, high technology utilization, founders with a global vision and the capacity to develop organizational capabilities

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global born enterprises, internationalization, marketing strategies, competitive strategies, organizational capabilities, international entrepreneurship, international management

KÜÇÜK VE ORTA ÖLÇEKLİ İŞLETMELERDE ULUSLARARASILAŞMA: KÜRESEL DOĞAN İŞLETMELERİN SÜREÇ, STRATEJİ VE ÖRGÜTSEL YETKİNLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler ile çok uluslu işletmelerin uluslararasılaşmaları, bu işletmelerin gerek yapısal gerekse kaynak erişimlerindeki farklılıklar nedeniyle birbirine benzer olmayan süreçler izlemektedir. Uppsala modelinin öncülüğünü yaptığı ve yenilikçi ve ağ kurma yaklaşımları ile devam eden küçük işletme uluslararasılaşma yaklaşımları, bu firmaların yavaş ve kademeli bir uluslararasılaşma sürecinden geçtiğini öngörmektedir. Bu aşamaları izlemeyerek kuruldukları ilk günlerden itibaren uluslararası pazarlara hitap eden küresel doğan işletmeler, özellikle son yirmi yıldır giderek artan sayıda kuramsal ve ampirik çalışmaya konu olmaktadır. Konu çalışmada, bu firmaların ortaya çıkışları ve süreçleri ile birlikte, uluslararası pazarlarda rekabet avantajı elde etmelerini sağlayan pazara giriş ve rekabet stratejileri ile örgütsel yetkinlikleri mercek altına alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, bu işletmelerin rekabet ve pazara giriş stratejilerinin içsel özelliklerine göre heterojenlik gösterebildiğini, buna karşın yenilikçi ve girişimci kültüre sahip olma, yüksek teknoloji kullanımı, yönetim becerileri yüksek küresel vizyona sahip kurucular ve pazarlama ve öğrenme başta olmak üzere örgütsel yetkinliklerini geliştirme kapasitesi gibi ortak özellklerinin sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı elde etmelerinde önemli rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel doğan işletmeler, uluslarasılaşma, rekabet stratejisi, pazarlama stratejisi, örgütsel yetkinlik, uluslararası girişimcilik, uluslararası işletmecilik

Kaynakça

• Acedo, M.A., R. Fernandez-Ortiz and G. Fuentes. (2007). “Variables determining the profitability of export companies. An empirical Analysis”, Meeting of the 3rd Iberian International Business Conference, February 7, in Aveiro, Portugal.
• Acs, Z.J., Morck, R.K. and Yeung, B. (2001). “Entrepreneurship, globalisation, and public policy”, Journal of International Management, 7 (3), p. 235-51.
• Aharoni, Y. (1966). The foreign investment decision process. Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
• Ahokangas, P. (1998). “Internationalization and resources: an analysis of processes in Nordic SMSs”, doctoral dissertation, Universitas Wasaensis, Vaasa.
• Andersson, S., Gabrielsson, J. and Wictor, I. (2006). “Born Globals' foreign market channel strategies”. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 1(4), p. 356-373.
• Aktaş, K. (2015). “Uluslararası İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim”, Uluslararası Yönetim ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), s. 16.
• Atik, S. (2007). “Küreselleşme ve Küresel İşletmeler”. İstanbul: TC Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dali, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Atlı, H., ve Kartal, B. (2014). “Küresel doğan işletmelerde girişimcinin bireysel özelliklerinin erken uluslararasılaşmadaki rolü”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 39, s. 145-158.
• Aspelund, A., Koed Madsen, T. and Moen, Q. (2007). “A review of the foundation, international marketing strategies, and performance of international new ventures”, European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), p. 1423-1448.
• Axinn, C. N. and Matthyssens, P. (2002). “Limits of internationalization theories in an unlimited world”, International marketing review, 19(5), p. 436-449.
• Bal, E., ve Kunday, A. Ö. (2014). “Investigating the Role of Entrepreneurial Traits and Human Capital on the Internationalization Degree of Small and Medium Enterprises in Turkey”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(8).
• Barringer, BR. and Greening, DW (1998). “Small business growth through internationalization: A comparative case study”, Journal of Business Venturing, 13 (2), pp. 467–492.
• Berning, S. C. and Holtbrügge, D. (2012). “Chinese outward foreign direct investment—a challenge for traditional internationalization theories?”, Journal für Betriebswirtschaft, 62(3-4), p. 169-224.
• Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (1993). “Introduction and overview”, in Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (Eds), The Internationalization of the Firm: A Reader, Academic Press, London, p. ix-xxi.
• Buckley, P. J. (1999). “Foreign direct investment by small and medium sized enterprises: The theoretical background.” In P. J. Buckley & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), The internationalization of the firm (pp. 1999–). NY: International Thomson Business Press.
• Chetty, S. and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004). “A strategic approach to internationalization: a traditional versus a “born-global” approach”, Journal of International marketing, 12(1), p. 57-81.
• Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G. and Rose, E. L. (2014). International Business. Pearson Australia.
• Cavusgil, S. T. and Knight, G. (2015). “The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization”, Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), p. 3-16.
• Coase, R.H. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica.
• Conner, K. (1991). “A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: do we have a new theory of the firm?”, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, p. 121-54.
• Dunning, J.H. (1988). Explaining International Production, Unwin, London.
• Efrat, K. and Shoham, A. (2012). “Born global firms: The differences between their short-and long-term performance drivers”, Journal of World Business, 47(4), p. 675-685.
• Ekmekçi, A. K. ve Ural, T. (2008). “Yeni tip işletmeler: Global doğan işletmelerin oluşum nedenleri ve özellikleri”, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Öneri Hakemli Dergi, 29, (2), s. 3-32.
• Etemad, H. (2004). “Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: A grounded theoretical framework and an overview”. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. 21(1), p. 1–21.
• Faiz, E. ve Üner, M. M. (2015). “Uluslararası Girişimciliğin Proaktiflik Boyutu: Küresel Doğan İşletmeler Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 70(4).
• Fernández-Ortiz, R. and Lombardo, G. F. (2009). “Influence of the capacities of top management on the internationalization of SMEs”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(2), p. 131-154.
• Foss, N.J., Knudsen, K. and Montgomery, C. (1995). “An extrapolation of common ground: integrating evolutionary and strategic theories of the firm”, in Montgomery, C.A. (Ed.), Resource-based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm: Toward a Synthesis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, p. 1- 17.
• Freeman, S., Hutchings, K. and Chetty, S. (2012). “Born-globals and culturally proximate markets”, Management International Review, 52(3), p. 425-460.
• Gabrielsson, M. (2005). “Branding strategies of born globals”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3), p. 199-222.
• Gabrielsson, M., Sasi, V. and Darling, J. (2004). “Finance strategies of rapidly-growing Finnish SMEs: born internationals and born globals”, European Business Review, 16(6), p. 590-604.
• Grant R.M., Jammine A.P. and Thomas H. (1988). “Diversity diversification and profitability among British manufacturing companies, 1972–1984”, Academy of Management Journal, 31, p. 771–801.
• Hollensen, S. (2007). Global marketing: A decision-oriented approach. Pearson education.
• Hughes, M., Martin, S. L., Morgan, R. E. and Robson, M. J. (2010). “Realizing product-market advantage in high-technology international new ventures: The mediating role of ambidextrous innovation”. Journal of International Marketing, 18(4), p. 1-21.
• Jantunen, A., Nummela, N., Puumalainen, K. and Saarenketo, S. (2008). “Strategic orientations of born globals—Do they really matter?”, Journal of world business, 43(2), pp. 158-170
• Johanson, J. and Mattson, L.-G. (1993). “Internationalization in industrial systems – a network approach, strategies in global competition”, in Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (Eds), The Internationalization of the Firm: A Reader, Academic Press, London, pp. 303-22.
• Johanson, J. and L.-G. Mattsson. (1988). “Internationalization in industrial systems - a network approach” in N. Hood and J.-E. Vahlne, editors, Strategies in global competition. London: Croom Helm.
• Johanson, J. and Vahlne J.E. (1977). “The Internationalization Process Of The Firm- A Model Of Knowledge Development And Increasing Foreign Market Commitment”, Journal Of International Business Studies, 8, p. 23-32.
• Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1990). “The Mechanism of Internationalization”, International Marketing Review, 7(4), p. 11-23.
• Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim‐Paul, F. (1975). “The internationalization of the firm—four Swedish cases”, Journal of management studies, 12(3), p. 305-323.
• Kalyoncuoğlu, S. ve Üner, M.M. (2010). “İşletmelerin Küresel Doğmasına Etki Eden Kurucu/Üst Düzey Yönetici Özellikleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), p. 1-42.
• Karadeniz, E. ve Göçer, K. (2007). “Internationalization of small firms: A case study of Turkish small-and medium-sized enterprises”, European Business Review, 19(5), p. 387-403.
• Karagozoglu, N. and Lindell, M. (1998). “Internationalization of small and medium sized technology based firms: An exploratory study”, Journal of Small Business Management, 36(1), p.44–59.
• Knight, G. A. and Liesch, P. W. (2016). “Internationalization: From incremental to born global”, Journal of World Business, 51(1), p. 93-102.
• Knight, G.A. and Çavuşgil, S.T. (1996). “The Born Global Firm: A Challenge to Traditional Internationalization Theory”, Advances İn International Marketing, 8, p. 11-26.
• Knight, G. A. and Cavusgil, S. T. (2004). “Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm”, Journal of international business studies, 35(2), p. 124-141.
• Knight, G., Koed Madsen, T. and Servais, P. (2004). “An inquiry into born-global firms in Europe and the USA”, International Marketing Review, 21(6), p. 645-665.
• Kogut B. (1985). “Designing global strategies: Comparative and competitive value added chains”, Sloan Management Review, 27 (2), pp. 27–38.
• Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S. and Servais, P. (2007). “Firms’ degree of born-globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance”, Journal of World Business, 42(3), p. 253-267.
• Leonidou, L. and Katsikeas, C. (1996). “The export development process: an integrative review of empirical models”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (3), p. 517-51.
• Liu, Y. (2017). “Born global firms’ growth and collaborative entry mode: The role of transnational entrepreneurs”, International Marketing Review, 34(1), p. 46-67.
• Lu, J. W. and Beamish, P. W. (2006). “Partnering strategies and performance of SMEs' international joint ventures”, Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4), p. 461-486.
• Luo, Y. and Wang, S. L. (2012). “Foreign direct investment strategies by developing country multinationals: A diagnostic model for home country effects”, Global Strategy Journal, 2(3), p. 244-261.
• Luostarinen, R. and Gabrielsson, M. (2006). “Globalization and marketing strategies of born globals in SMOPECs”, Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(6), p. 773-801.
• Madhok, A. (1998). ‘The nature of multinational firm boundaries: transaction cost, firm capabilities and foreign market entry mode’, International Business Review, 7, p. 259–290.
• Madsen, T. K. and Servais, P. (1997). “The internationalization of born globals: an evolutionary process?”, International Business Review, 6 (6), p. 551-81.
• Meckl, R., & Schramm, R. (2005). Empirical evidence for a theory of international new ventures. Univ., Wirtschaftswiss. Fak.
• OECD (2009). Top barriers and Drivers to SME Internationalization, Report by the OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, OECD.
• Oviatt, B. M. and McDougall, P.P. (1994). “Toward a theory of international new ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies, 25 (1), p. 45-64.
• Qian, G. (2002). “Multinationality, product diversification and profitability of emerging US small and medium sized enterprises”, Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (3), p. 611–633.
• Pangarkar, N. (2008). “Internationalization and performance of small-and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of world business, 43(4), p. 475-485.
• Rialp-Criado, A., Galván-Sánchez, I. and Suárez-Ortega, S. M. (2010). “A configuration-holistic approach to born-global firms’ strategy formation process”, European Management Journal, 28(2), pp. 108-123.
• Ripollés, M. and Blesa, A. (2012). International new ventures as “small multinationals”: The importance of marketing capabilities. Journal of World Business, 47(2), p. 277-287.
• Rugman, A. M. and Verbeke, A. (2001). “Subsidiary‐specific advantages in multinational enterprises”i Strategic Management Journal, 22(3), p. 237-250.
• Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R. D. and Antoncic, B. (2006). “SME internationalization research: past, present, and future”, Journal of small business and enterprise development, 13(4), p. 476-497.
• Sharma, D. D. and Blomstermo, A. (2003). “The internationalization process of Born Globals: A network view.” International Business Review, 12(6), p. 739- 753.
• Sheppard, M. and McNaughton, R. (2012). “Born global and born-again global firms: a comparison of internationalization patterns”, Handbook of research on born globals, p. 46-56.
• Schueffel, P., Baldegger, R. and Amann, W. (2014). “Behavioral patterns in born-again global firms: towards a conceptual framework of the internationalization activities of mature SMEs”, The Multinational Business Review, 22(4), p. 418-441.
• Singal, A. and Jain, A. K. (2012). “Outward FDI trends from India: emerging MNCs and strategic issues”, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(4), p. 443-456.
• Tamburini, G. (2016). The Evolution of Born Globals’ Internationalization Strategy; the case of Opera Software(Master's thesis, BI Norwegian Business School).
• Tayauova, G. (2013). “Uluslararası girişimciliğin gelişimine ilişkin yaklaşımların değerlendirilmesi”, Procedia V International Congress on Entrepreneurship.–Алматы, 2013.-324 б, s. 172.
• Vernon, R. (1966). “International investment and international trade in the product cycle”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, p. 190–207.
• Weerawardena, J., Mort, G. S., Liesch, P. W. and Knight, G. (2007). “Conceptualizing accelerated internationalization in the born global firm: A dynamic capabilities perspective”, Journal of world business, 42(3), 2p. 94-306.
• Williamson, O.E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications, The Free Press, New York.
• Wright, M., Westhead, P. and Ucbasaran, D. (2007). “Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and international entrepreneurship: A critique and policy implications”, Regional Studies, 41(7), p. 1013-1030.