Araştırma Makalesi
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Language Learning Strategies and the Sense-Making of Turkish as a Second Language: An Analysis across Ten Universities

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 225 - 275, 15.12.2025

Öz

The aim of this study is to ascertain how Turkish language learners make sense of the target language in connection to the strategies for language acquisition they employ. To ascertain this association, the interpretative processes of the participating students for the relevant dimensions of vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics, together with the findings related to their demographic information, were investigated respectively. A comprehensive analysis was carried out regarding the preferred language strategies for learning Turkish as a second language by students at 10 different Turkish universities. The research employed the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) created by Oxford (1990). The gathered data were examined utilizing descriptive statistics, T-tests, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc analyses. The study’s findings indicated that students had the greatest challenges in learning Turkish as a second language in contrast to the grammatical and pragmatic dimensions of language learning.

Etik Beyan

Ethical permission was granted by Hacettepe University Ethics Commission with the decision dated 29.02.2016 and numbered 35853172/433-484. It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were followed during the preparation process of this study and all the studies utilized are indicated in the bibliography.

Kaynakça

  • Alhaisoni, E. (2012). Language learning strategy use of Saudi EFL students in an intensive English learning context. Asian Social Science, 8(13), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n13p115
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı (6. baskı). Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Alyılmaz, C. (2010). Türkçe öğretiminin sorunları. Turkish Studies, 5(3), 728-749.
  • Bayezit, H., & Çubukçu, F. (2015). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe ve İngilizce ders kitaplarındaki öğrenme stratejilerinin kullanımı. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 25-47.
  • Bölükbaş, F. (2013). The effect of language learning strategies on learning vocabulary in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 55-68.
  • Boylu, E. (2015). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlerin dil öğrenme stratejilerini kullanma düzeyleri [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Bozgeyik, Y. (2011). The relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary proficiency [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1
  • Cesur, O., & Fer, S. (2007). Dil öğrenme stratejileri envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 49-74.
  • Chamot, A. U. (2005). Language learning strategy instruction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190505000061
  • Chamot, A., & O’Malley, J. M. (1994). The CALLA handbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Chanderan, V., & Hashim, H. (2022). Language learning strategies used by ESL undergraduate students. Creative Education, 13, 768-779. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.133049
  • Chen J. (2022). The effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) interventions on L2 learning achievement, strategy employment, and self-efficacy: A meta-analytic study. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1021101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021101
  • Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson / Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • Davis, S. M., & Kelly, R. R. (2003). Comparing deaf and hearing college students’ mental arithmetic calculations under two interference conditions. American Annals of the Deaf, 148(3), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2003.0018
  • de Boer H., Donker A. S., & van der Werf M. P. C. (2014). Effects of the attributes of educational interventions on students’ academic performance: a meta-analysis. Rev. Educ. Res. 84, 509-545.
  • Demirekin, M. (2017). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçenin anlamlandırılmasında kelime ve dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımı [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Demirekin, M. (2023). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçeyi anlamlandırmada kelime ve dil öğrenme stratejileri. The Kitap.
  • Demirekin, M., & Yalçın, H. (2023). Dil öğrenme stratejileriyle ilgili yapılan araştırmaların sistematik analizi. Turkish Studies - Language, 18(2), 773-791. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.68294
  • Demirel, M. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kullandıkları dil öğrenme stratejileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, 141-153.
  • Derakhshan, A., & Zare, J. (2024). Self-regulated learning and task engagement: a SEM analysis. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2024-0009
  • Domínguez, J. M. M., & Juanías, J. M. (2024). Language learning strategies research in English as foreign language contexts: a systematic literature review. J. Educ. Learn. 18, 47-479.
  • Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ercan, A. N. (2015). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi üzerine yapılmış lisansüstü tezlerin çeşitli değişkenler açısından analizi. Türkçenin Eğitimi-Öğretimine Yönelik Çalışmalar. Pegem Akademi.
  • Fan, M. Y. (2003). Frequency of use, perceived usefulness, and actual usefulness of second language vocabulary strategies: A study of Hong Kong learners. Modern Language Journal, 87(2), 222-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00187
  • Goh, C. (2017). Cognition, metacognition, and L2 listening. In Eli Hinkel (ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, Volume III, 214-228. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis.
  • Habók, A., Magyar, A., & Molnár, G. (2022). English as a foreign language learners’ strategy awareness across proficiency levels from the perspective of self-regulated learning metafactors. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1019561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019561.
  • Hong-Nam, K., & Leavell, A. G. (2007). A comparative study of language learning strategy use in an EFL context: monolingual Korean and bilingual Korean-Chinese university students. Asia Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025834
  • Hong-Nam, K., & Leawell, A. G. (2006). Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System, 34(3), 399-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.02.002
  • Hsiao, T. Y., & Oxford, R. L. (2002). Comparing theories of language learning strategies: A confirmatory factor analysis. Modern Language Journal, 86(3), 368–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00155
  • Hsieh, P. (2004). How college students explain their grades in a foreign language course: The interrelationship of attributions, self-efficacy, language learning beliefs, and achievement [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Texas, Austin, USA.
  • Hunutlu, Ş. (2023). Self-regulation strategies in online EFL/ESL learning: A systematic review. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 14(2), 136–166. https://doi.org/10.37237/140203
  • Ismail, S. M., Nikpoo, I., & Prasad, K. D. V. (2023). Promoting self-regulated learning, autonomy, and self-efficacy of EFL learners through authentic assessment in EFL classrooms. Language Testing in Asia, 13(27), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00239-z
  • İzci, E. ve Sucu, Ö. H. (2014). İlköğretim 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin yabancı dil öğrenirken kullandıkları öğrenme stratejileri (Nevşehir ili örneği). İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(14), 19-38.
  • Jang, E., & Jiménez, R. (2011). A Sociocultural Perspective on Second Language Learner Strategies: Focus on the Impact of Social Context. Theory Into Practice. 50. 141-148.
  • Kehing, K. L., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). A systematic review on language learning strategies for speaking skills in a new learning environment. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 2055-2065. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.2055
  • Kocaman, O., & Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu, G. (2014). Yabancı dilde kelime öğrenme stratejileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(176), 293-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3611
  • Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press.
  • Kurtz, M. M. (2011). Compensatory strategies. In J. S. Kreutzer, J. DeLuca, & B. Caplan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (p. 657). Springer.
  • Li, J. (2024). Self-regulated learning strategies, self-efficacy, and learning engagement of EFL students in smart classrooms: A structural equation modeling analysis. System. 125.
  • Nation, P. (1990). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Newbury House.
  • Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Onan, B. (2011). Anlama sürecinde Türkçenin yapısal işlevleri. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What every teacher should know. Newbury House Publishers.
  • Oxford, R. L. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Özdemir, A. (2016). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin söz edimlerini anlama düzeyleri [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, M., & Çakıroğlu, Ü. (2021). Flipped learning design in EFL classrooms: implementing self-regulated learning strategies to develop language skills. Smart Learn. Environ. 8(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00146-x
  • Pavlenko, A., & James P. L. (2000). Second language learning as participation and the (re)construction of selves. In Lantolf, James P.(ed.), 155-178.
  • Polat, Y. (2002). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde konuşma becerisinin geliştirilmesi ve edim sözler. Ana Dili Dil Kültürü ve Eğitim Dergisi. 62-75.
  • Ranjan, R., & Philominraj, A. (2020). Language learning strategies, motivation and gender in foreign language context. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 591-604.
  • Read, J. (2000). Assessing vocabulary. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rubin, J. (2005). The expert language learner: A review of good language learner studies and learner strategies. Johnson, K. (Ed.), Expertise in second language learning and teaching. Basingstone: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rubin, J. (2014). Intervening in the use of strategies. System, 43, 14-25.
  • Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., & Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative–qualitative debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014301607592
  • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith-Keita, D. (2018). The relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies use and 10th grade students’ college and career readiness achievement in English language arts [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Mississippi.
  • Sulaiman, A. (2018). The relationship between EFL students’ perceptual learning styles and their language learning strategies in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(1), 69-70. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p69
  • Teng L. S. (2022). Explicit strategy-based instruction in L2 writing contexts: a perspective of self-regulated learning and formative assessment. Assess. Writ. 53, 100645.
  • Teng, M. F. (2019). The benefits of metacognitive reading strategy awareness instruction for young learners of English as a second language: Metacognitive instruction in reading. Literacy. 54(1). 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12181
  • Teng, M. F., Wang, C., & Zhang, L. J. (2022). Assessing self-regulatory writing strategies and their predictive effects on young EFL learners’ writing performance. Assessing Writing, 51, 100573.
  • Uzun, N. E. (2004). Dil bilgisinin temel kavramları. Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi.
  • Wei, L. (2023). Artificial intelligence in language instruction: impact on English learning achievement, L2 motivation, and self-regulated learning. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1261955.
  • Weinstein, C., & Mayer, R. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching (pp. 315-327). New York: Macmillan.
  • Yalçın, C. (2024). Technology-supported self-regulated language learning: a systematic review. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 25(2), 461-480.Doi:10.17679/inuefd.1396935
  • Yalçın, M. (2006). Differences in perceptions on language learning strategies of English preparatory class students studying at Gazi University [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (8. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yoong, W. F. & Hashim, H. (2023). A systematic review on language learning strategies for English speaking skills in today’s learning conditions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i12/19727
  • Youssef, N. H., & Alibraheim, E. A. (2025). Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Among Graduate Students and Their Relationship with Statistics Anxiety. Education Sciences, 15(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010017
  • Zhang, J., & Zhang, L. J. (2024). The effect of feedback on metacognitive strategy use in EFL writing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(5-6), 1198-1223.
  • Zhang, T. (2024). Effects of self-regulation strategies on EFL learners’ language learning motivation, willingness to communicate, self-efficacy, and creativity. BMC Psychology, 12, 75.

Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri ve İkinci Dil Olarak Türkçenin Anlamlandırılması: On Üniversitede Yapılan Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 225 - 275, 15.12.2025

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkçe öğrenenlerin kullandıkları dil öğrenme stratejileriyle ilintili olarak hedef dili nasıl anladıklarını belirlemektir. Bu ilişkiyi tespit etmek için, katılımcı öğrencilerin kelime bilgisi, dilbilgisi ve edim bilim ile ilgili boyutlara yönelik yorumlama süreçleri ile demografik bilgileriyle ilgili bulgular ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. On farklı üniversitede Türkçeyi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin tercih ettikleri dil stratejileri üzerine kapsamlı bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Oxford (1990) tarafından oluşturulan Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri Envanteri (SILL) uygulanmıştır. Söz konusu veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler, tek yönlü ANOVA, T-testleri ve post-hoc analizler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, öğrencilerin dil öğreniminin gramer ve pragmatik boyutlarına kıyasla, ikinci dil olarak Türkçe öğrenmede en büyük zorlukları yaşadıklarını göstermiştir.

Etik Beyan

Hacettepe Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından 29.02.2016 tarihli ve 35853172/433-484 sayılı kararı ile etik izin alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve kullanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan edilir.

Kaynakça

  • Alhaisoni, E. (2012). Language learning strategy use of Saudi EFL students in an intensive English learning context. Asian Social Science, 8(13), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n13p115
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı (6. baskı). Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Alyılmaz, C. (2010). Türkçe öğretiminin sorunları. Turkish Studies, 5(3), 728-749.
  • Bayezit, H., & Çubukçu, F. (2015). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe ve İngilizce ders kitaplarındaki öğrenme stratejilerinin kullanımı. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 25-47.
  • Bölükbaş, F. (2013). The effect of language learning strategies on learning vocabulary in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 55-68.
  • Boylu, E. (2015). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlerin dil öğrenme stratejilerini kullanma düzeyleri [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Bozgeyik, Y. (2011). The relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary proficiency [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1
  • Cesur, O., & Fer, S. (2007). Dil öğrenme stratejileri envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 49-74.
  • Chamot, A. U. (2005). Language learning strategy instruction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190505000061
  • Chamot, A., & O’Malley, J. M. (1994). The CALLA handbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Chanderan, V., & Hashim, H. (2022). Language learning strategies used by ESL undergraduate students. Creative Education, 13, 768-779. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.133049
  • Chen J. (2022). The effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) interventions on L2 learning achievement, strategy employment, and self-efficacy: A meta-analytic study. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1021101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021101
  • Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson / Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • Davis, S. M., & Kelly, R. R. (2003). Comparing deaf and hearing college students’ mental arithmetic calculations under two interference conditions. American Annals of the Deaf, 148(3), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2003.0018
  • de Boer H., Donker A. S., & van der Werf M. P. C. (2014). Effects of the attributes of educational interventions on students’ academic performance: a meta-analysis. Rev. Educ. Res. 84, 509-545.
  • Demirekin, M. (2017). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçenin anlamlandırılmasında kelime ve dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımı [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Demirekin, M. (2023). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçeyi anlamlandırmada kelime ve dil öğrenme stratejileri. The Kitap.
  • Demirekin, M., & Yalçın, H. (2023). Dil öğrenme stratejileriyle ilgili yapılan araştırmaların sistematik analizi. Turkish Studies - Language, 18(2), 773-791. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.68294
  • Demirel, M. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kullandıkları dil öğrenme stratejileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, 141-153.
  • Derakhshan, A., & Zare, J. (2024). Self-regulated learning and task engagement: a SEM analysis. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2024-0009
  • Domínguez, J. M. M., & Juanías, J. M. (2024). Language learning strategies research in English as foreign language contexts: a systematic literature review. J. Educ. Learn. 18, 47-479.
  • Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ercan, A. N. (2015). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi üzerine yapılmış lisansüstü tezlerin çeşitli değişkenler açısından analizi. Türkçenin Eğitimi-Öğretimine Yönelik Çalışmalar. Pegem Akademi.
  • Fan, M. Y. (2003). Frequency of use, perceived usefulness, and actual usefulness of second language vocabulary strategies: A study of Hong Kong learners. Modern Language Journal, 87(2), 222-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00187
  • Goh, C. (2017). Cognition, metacognition, and L2 listening. In Eli Hinkel (ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, Volume III, 214-228. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis.
  • Habók, A., Magyar, A., & Molnár, G. (2022). English as a foreign language learners’ strategy awareness across proficiency levels from the perspective of self-regulated learning metafactors. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1019561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019561.
  • Hong-Nam, K., & Leavell, A. G. (2007). A comparative study of language learning strategy use in an EFL context: monolingual Korean and bilingual Korean-Chinese university students. Asia Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025834
  • Hong-Nam, K., & Leawell, A. G. (2006). Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System, 34(3), 399-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.02.002
  • Hsiao, T. Y., & Oxford, R. L. (2002). Comparing theories of language learning strategies: A confirmatory factor analysis. Modern Language Journal, 86(3), 368–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00155
  • Hsieh, P. (2004). How college students explain their grades in a foreign language course: The interrelationship of attributions, self-efficacy, language learning beliefs, and achievement [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Texas, Austin, USA.
  • Hunutlu, Ş. (2023). Self-regulation strategies in online EFL/ESL learning: A systematic review. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 14(2), 136–166. https://doi.org/10.37237/140203
  • Ismail, S. M., Nikpoo, I., & Prasad, K. D. V. (2023). Promoting self-regulated learning, autonomy, and self-efficacy of EFL learners through authentic assessment in EFL classrooms. Language Testing in Asia, 13(27), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00239-z
  • İzci, E. ve Sucu, Ö. H. (2014). İlköğretim 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin yabancı dil öğrenirken kullandıkları öğrenme stratejileri (Nevşehir ili örneği). İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(14), 19-38.
  • Jang, E., & Jiménez, R. (2011). A Sociocultural Perspective on Second Language Learner Strategies: Focus on the Impact of Social Context. Theory Into Practice. 50. 141-148.
  • Kehing, K. L., & Yunus, M. M. (2021). A systematic review on language learning strategies for speaking skills in a new learning environment. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 2055-2065. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.2055
  • Kocaman, O., & Kızılkaya Cumaoğlu, G. (2014). Yabancı dilde kelime öğrenme stratejileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(176), 293-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3611
  • Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press.
  • Kurtz, M. M. (2011). Compensatory strategies. In J. S. Kreutzer, J. DeLuca, & B. Caplan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (p. 657). Springer.
  • Li, J. (2024). Self-regulated learning strategies, self-efficacy, and learning engagement of EFL students in smart classrooms: A structural equation modeling analysis. System. 125.
  • Nation, P. (1990). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Newbury House.
  • Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Onan, B. (2011). Anlama sürecinde Türkçenin yapısal işlevleri. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What every teacher should know. Newbury House Publishers.
  • Oxford, R. L. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Özdemir, A. (2016). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin söz edimlerini anlama düzeyleri [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, M., & Çakıroğlu, Ü. (2021). Flipped learning design in EFL classrooms: implementing self-regulated learning strategies to develop language skills. Smart Learn. Environ. 8(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00146-x
  • Pavlenko, A., & James P. L. (2000). Second language learning as participation and the (re)construction of selves. In Lantolf, James P.(ed.), 155-178.
  • Polat, Y. (2002). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde konuşma becerisinin geliştirilmesi ve edim sözler. Ana Dili Dil Kültürü ve Eğitim Dergisi. 62-75.
  • Ranjan, R., & Philominraj, A. (2020). Language learning strategies, motivation and gender in foreign language context. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 591-604.
  • Read, J. (2000). Assessing vocabulary. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rubin, J. (2005). The expert language learner: A review of good language learner studies and learner strategies. Johnson, K. (Ed.), Expertise in second language learning and teaching. Basingstone: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rubin, J. (2014). Intervening in the use of strategies. System, 43, 14-25.
  • Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., & Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative–qualitative debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014301607592
  • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith-Keita, D. (2018). The relationship between metacognitive awareness of reading strategies use and 10th grade students’ college and career readiness achievement in English language arts [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Mississippi.
  • Sulaiman, A. (2018). The relationship between EFL students’ perceptual learning styles and their language learning strategies in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(1), 69-70. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p69
  • Teng L. S. (2022). Explicit strategy-based instruction in L2 writing contexts: a perspective of self-regulated learning and formative assessment. Assess. Writ. 53, 100645.
  • Teng, M. F. (2019). The benefits of metacognitive reading strategy awareness instruction for young learners of English as a second language: Metacognitive instruction in reading. Literacy. 54(1). 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12181
  • Teng, M. F., Wang, C., & Zhang, L. J. (2022). Assessing self-regulatory writing strategies and their predictive effects on young EFL learners’ writing performance. Assessing Writing, 51, 100573.
  • Uzun, N. E. (2004). Dil bilgisinin temel kavramları. Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi.
  • Wei, L. (2023). Artificial intelligence in language instruction: impact on English learning achievement, L2 motivation, and self-regulated learning. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1261955.
  • Weinstein, C., & Mayer, R. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching (pp. 315-327). New York: Macmillan.
  • Yalçın, C. (2024). Technology-supported self-regulated language learning: a systematic review. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 25(2), 461-480.Doi:10.17679/inuefd.1396935
  • Yalçın, M. (2006). Differences in perceptions on language learning strategies of English preparatory class students studying at Gazi University [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (8. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yoong, W. F. & Hashim, H. (2023). A systematic review on language learning strategies for English speaking skills in today’s learning conditions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i12/19727
  • Youssef, N. H., & Alibraheim, E. A. (2025). Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Among Graduate Students and Their Relationship with Statistics Anxiety. Education Sciences, 15(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010017
  • Zhang, J., & Zhang, L. J. (2024). The effect of feedback on metacognitive strategy use in EFL writing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(5-6), 1198-1223.
  • Zhang, T. (2024). Effects of self-regulation strategies on EFL learners’ language learning motivation, willingness to communicate, self-efficacy, and creativity. BMC Psychology, 12, 75.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dil Çalışmaları (Diğer), Türkçe Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Demirekin 0000-0001-6757-0487

Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirekin, M. (2025). Language Learning Strategies and the Sense-Making of Turkish as a Second Language: An Analysis across Ten Universities. Bezgek Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretimi Dergisi, 4(4), 225-275. https://doi.org/10.56987/bezgek.1800533


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