Are the Environmental Policy Shocks to the Ecological Footprint Permanent in the Example of BRICS Countries and Tükiye?

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the stationarity of the ecological footprint (EF)per capita in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and Türkiye (BRICS+T). In this direction, the series structure of each country is classified in terms of linear and non-linearity, and according to these results, appropriate unit root tests are preferred. Thanks to this stationarity analysis, inferences are made as to whether the shocks in the ecological footprint of these countries are permanent or not. In the study, annual data was used for the period 1961-2017, and then this data set was tested with linear and nonlinear unit root tests. In the findings obtained from the study, according to Sollis (2009) test results, the ecological footprint series is stationary only in Russia; Harvey et al. (2013) test results show that the ecological footprint series is stationary in Russia and Tükiye. The results of other countries revealed that the ecological footprint series is not stationary at level values.

Keywords

• Environmental quality
• ecological footprint
• linear unit root
• nonlinear unit root

BRICS Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Örneğinde Ekolojik Ayak İzine Yönelik Çevresel Politika Şokları Kalıcı mı?

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, BRICS ülkelerinde (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) ve Türkiye’de (BRICS+T) kişi başına düşen ekolojik ayak izi (EF) serisinin durağanlığını incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, her bir ülkeye ait seri yapısı doğrusal olma ve doğrusal olmama bakımından sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen doğrusallık durumu sonuçlarına göre her bir ülke verisinin analizinde uygun birim kök testi tercih edilmiştir. Bu durağanlık incelemesi sayesinde bu ülkelerin ekolojik ayak izinde ortaya çıkan şokların kalıcı olup olmadığına ilişkin çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 1961-2017 dönemine ait yıllık veriler doğrusal olan ve doğrusal olmayan birim kök testleri ile sınanmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgularda, Sollis (2009) test sonuçlarına göre sadece Rusya’da ekolojik ayak izi serisinin durağan olduğu; Harvey vd. (2013) test sonuçlarına göre ise Rusya ve Türkiye’de ekolojik ayak izi serisinin durağan olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer ülkelere ait sonuçlar ise ekolojik ayak izi serisinin düzey değerlerinde durağan olmadığını ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevresel kalite
• ekolojik ayak izi
• doğrusal birim kök
• doğrusal olmayan birim kök

Kaynakça

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