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Japonya Siyasal Sisteminin Modern Otoriter Eğilimler ve Demokratik Gerileme Ekseninde Analizi

Yıl 2024, , 183 - 198, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1434337

Öz

Demokrasinin 21. yüzyıl ile beraber bir kriz içerisinde olduğu ve siyasal seçimlerden ibaret bir anlayışa indirgendiği iddialarıyla sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır. Özünde otoriter olan ancak şekilsel anlamda demokratik görünüme sahip siyasal sistemlerin olağanlaşması da bahsi geçen savı desteklemektedir. Söz konusu gelişmeler hem yeni demokrasilerde hem de olgun demokrasilerde gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda modern otoriter dalganın sirayet ettiği Asya coğrafyasında yer alan Japonya, siyasal sistemin yapısal dinamikleri ve işleyişi ile dikkat çekmektedir. Liberal Demokrat Parti’nin (LDP) uzun süreli siyasal hegemonyası, parti iç dinamiklerinin kalıtsal niteliği, seçim sisteminin sebep olduğu asimetrik temsil ile yolsuzluk iddiaları Japonya’yı önemli bir çalışma konusu haline getirmektedir. Modern otoriter eğilimler çerçevesinde Japonya siyasal sistemini ele alan bu çalışma, sistemin aksaklıklarını öne çıkararak Japonya’nın modern otoriter eğilimlerden bağışık olup olmadığına yönelik genel hatları ile bir değerlendirme yapılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Demokratik gerilemeye ait dinamiklerin bir kısmının sisteme eklemlenmeye başladığı ancak modern otoriter eğilimler öncesinde de sorun teşkil eden yapıların var olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bermeo, N. (2016). On democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 5-19.
  • Browne, E. & Kim, S.W. (2003). Factional rivals and electoral competition in a dominant party: inside Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party, 1958-1990. European Journal of Political Research, 42(1), 107- 134.
  • Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
  • Collier, D. & Levitsky, S. (1997). Democracy with adjectives: conceptual innovation in comparative research. World Politics, 49(3), 430-451.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1982). Dilemmas of pluralist democracy. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Diamond, L. (2002). Elections without democracy: Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35.
  • Engman, A. (2023). Consolidation of power in Japan: the LDP and Shinzo Abe. UI Brief No 3 Erişim adresi https://www.ui.se/butiken/uis-publikationer/ui-brief/2023/consolidation-of-power-in-japan-the-ldp-and-shinzo-abe/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Funabashi, Y. (2017). Japan, where populism fails. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/08/opinion/japan-where-populism-fails.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Fukuyama, F. (2016). Tarihin sonu ve son insan. (Çev. Z. Dicleli). İstanbul: Profil Yayınları.
  • Glosserman, B. (2023). A plea and a promise for 2023: no more ‘pacifism’. Erişim adresi https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2023/01/03/commentary/japan-commentary/japanese-pacifism/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Grugel, J. (2002). Democratization: A critical introduction. Palgrave.
  • Hasanlı, V. (2010). 1912-1925 Yılları Arasında Japonya’da Demokrasi Hareketleri. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Held, D. (2008). Models of democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Hunter, J. E. (1989). The emergence of modern Japan: an introductory history since 1853. Routledge.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). Üçüncü dalga: yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında demokratlaşma, (Çev. E. Özbudun), Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Igarashi, T. (1981). MacArthur’s proposal for an early peace with Japan and the redirection of occupation policy toward Japan. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, (1), 55-86.
  • Isomura, J. (2023). The first democracy in Japan. Erişim adresi https://www.hudson.org/democracy/first-democracy-japan-jun-isomura (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Jain, P. & Kobayashi T. (2022). Kishida’s perilous road ahead. Erişim adresi https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/kishidas-perilous-road-ahead (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Jain, P. & Kobayashi T. (2023). Japanese PM Kishida’s struggle for political survival. EastAsiaForum. Erişim adresi https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/12/20/japanese-pm-kishidas-struggle-for-political-survival/?utm_source=subscribe2&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=postnotify&utm_id=2374563&utm_title=Japanese%20PM%20Kishida (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Kato, Y. & Jalil Z. A. (2022). Shinzo Abe: the legacy of Japan’s longest-serving PM. Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53938094 (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Levidis, A. (2024). Japan’s ruling LDP at the end of postwar history. Erişim adresi https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/01/22/japans-ruling-ldp-at-the-end-of-postwar-history/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Levitsky, S. & Way A. L. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the cold war. Cambridge University Press.
  • Li, J. (2018). Consultative democracy, people’s democracy. Erişim adresi http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/zdtj/201803/t20180301_800118954.html (Erişim tarihi 10.12.2024).
  • Linz, J. J. (2017). Totaliter ve otoriter rejimler. (Çev. E. Özbudun), Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
  • Minami, D. (2019). Is populism finally coming to Japan?. Erişim adresi https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/is-populism-finally-coming-to-japan/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market: political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Quigley, H. S. (1947). Democracy cccupies Japan. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 23(4) 521-531.
  • Rosanvallon, P. (2018). Good government: democracy beyond elections. Harvard University Press.
  • Sanger, D. E. (2022). Shinzo Abe’s influence was still evident long after he left office. The New York Times. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/shinzo-abe-influence.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Sartori, G. (2007). Demokrasi teorisine geri dönüş. (Çev. T Karamustafaoğlu & M. Turhan) 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (2006). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Routledge.
  • Shin, D. C. (2008). The third wave in East Asia: comparative and dynamic perspectives. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 4, 91-131.
  • Shin, D. C. (2012). Confucianism and democratization in East Asia. Cambridge University Press.
  • Solís, M. (2019). Japan’s consolidated democracy in an era of populist turbulence. Erişim adresi https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-consolidated-democracy-in-an-era-of-populist-turbulence/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • The Constitution of Japan (1947, 3 May). Erişim adresi https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Zakaria, F. (1997). The rise of illiberal democracy. Foreign Affairs, 76(6) 22-43.

Analysis of Japan's Political System within the Framework of Modern Authoritarian Tendencies and Democratic Recession

Yıl 2024, , 183 - 198, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1434337

Öz

It is claimed that democracy has been in crisis since the beginning of the 21st century and that it has been reduced to an understanding of political elections. The normalization of political systems that are authoritarian in essence but democratic in form also underpins this argument. These trends are observed both in new democracies and mature democracies. In this context, in Asia where the modern authoritarian wave has spread, Japan stands out due to the structural dynamics and functioning of its political system. The long-term political hegemony of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the hereditary nature of internal party dynamics, asymmetric representation caused by the electoral system, and allegations of corruption make Japan a significant case study. This paper, which deals with Japanese political system within the framework of modern authoritarian tendencies, aims to provide an assessment of whether Japan is immune to modern authoritarian tendencies by highlighting the system’s shortcomings. In this respect, it is concluded that some dynamics of democratic recession have begun to be incorporated into the system, but that several problematic structures existed even before modern authoritarian tendencies.

Kaynakça

  • Bermeo, N. (2016). On democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 5-19.
  • Browne, E. & Kim, S.W. (2003). Factional rivals and electoral competition in a dominant party: inside Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party, 1958-1990. European Journal of Political Research, 42(1), 107- 134.
  • Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
  • Collier, D. & Levitsky, S. (1997). Democracy with adjectives: conceptual innovation in comparative research. World Politics, 49(3), 430-451.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1982). Dilemmas of pluralist democracy. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Diamond, L. (2002). Elections without democracy: Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35.
  • Engman, A. (2023). Consolidation of power in Japan: the LDP and Shinzo Abe. UI Brief No 3 Erişim adresi https://www.ui.se/butiken/uis-publikationer/ui-brief/2023/consolidation-of-power-in-japan-the-ldp-and-shinzo-abe/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Funabashi, Y. (2017). Japan, where populism fails. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/08/opinion/japan-where-populism-fails.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Fukuyama, F. (2016). Tarihin sonu ve son insan. (Çev. Z. Dicleli). İstanbul: Profil Yayınları.
  • Glosserman, B. (2023). A plea and a promise for 2023: no more ‘pacifism’. Erişim adresi https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2023/01/03/commentary/japan-commentary/japanese-pacifism/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Grugel, J. (2002). Democratization: A critical introduction. Palgrave.
  • Hasanlı, V. (2010). 1912-1925 Yılları Arasında Japonya’da Demokrasi Hareketleri. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Held, D. (2008). Models of democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Hunter, J. E. (1989). The emergence of modern Japan: an introductory history since 1853. Routledge.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). Üçüncü dalga: yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında demokratlaşma, (Çev. E. Özbudun), Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Igarashi, T. (1981). MacArthur’s proposal for an early peace with Japan and the redirection of occupation policy toward Japan. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, (1), 55-86.
  • Isomura, J. (2023). The first democracy in Japan. Erişim adresi https://www.hudson.org/democracy/first-democracy-japan-jun-isomura (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Jain, P. & Kobayashi T. (2022). Kishida’s perilous road ahead. Erişim adresi https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/kishidas-perilous-road-ahead (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Jain, P. & Kobayashi T. (2023). Japanese PM Kishida’s struggle for political survival. EastAsiaForum. Erişim adresi https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/12/20/japanese-pm-kishidas-struggle-for-political-survival/?utm_source=subscribe2&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=postnotify&utm_id=2374563&utm_title=Japanese%20PM%20Kishida (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Kato, Y. & Jalil Z. A. (2022). Shinzo Abe: the legacy of Japan’s longest-serving PM. Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53938094 (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Levidis, A. (2024). Japan’s ruling LDP at the end of postwar history. Erişim adresi https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/01/22/japans-ruling-ldp-at-the-end-of-postwar-history/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • Levitsky, S. & Way A. L. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the cold war. Cambridge University Press.
  • Li, J. (2018). Consultative democracy, people’s democracy. Erişim adresi http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/zdtj/201803/t20180301_800118954.html (Erişim tarihi 10.12.2024).
  • Linz, J. J. (2017). Totaliter ve otoriter rejimler. (Çev. E. Özbudun), Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
  • Minami, D. (2019). Is populism finally coming to Japan?. Erişim adresi https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/is-populism-finally-coming-to-japan/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market: political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Quigley, H. S. (1947). Democracy cccupies Japan. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 23(4) 521-531.
  • Rosanvallon, P. (2018). Good government: democracy beyond elections. Harvard University Press.
  • Sanger, D. E. (2022). Shinzo Abe’s influence was still evident long after he left office. The New York Times. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/politics/shinzo-abe-influence.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Sartori, G. (2007). Demokrasi teorisine geri dönüş. (Çev. T Karamustafaoğlu & M. Turhan) 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (2006). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Routledge.
  • Shin, D. C. (2008). The third wave in East Asia: comparative and dynamic perspectives. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 4, 91-131.
  • Shin, D. C. (2012). Confucianism and democratization in East Asia. Cambridge University Press.
  • Solís, M. (2019). Japan’s consolidated democracy in an era of populist turbulence. Erişim adresi https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-consolidated-democracy-in-an-era-of-populist-turbulence/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2024).
  • The Constitution of Japan (1947, 3 May). Erişim adresi https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.01. 2024).
  • Zakaria, F. (1997). The rise of illiberal democracy. Foreign Affairs, 76(6) 22-43.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Karadağ 0000-0002-4031-0295

Nurcan Ceyhan 0000-0002-9087-6780

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadağ, A., & Ceyhan, N. (2024). Japonya Siyasal Sisteminin Modern Otoriter Eğilimler ve Demokratik Gerileme Ekseninde Analizi. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1434337


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