Araştırma Makalesi
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Reshaping Borders: A Glimpse to Imperial Interests on Sistan

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 99 - 110, 26.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1580202

Öz

The series of moves between Britain and Russia in the 19th century entered the literature as the Great Game, a political and military conflict likened to a chess match involving multiple strategic steps, with Central Asia and in some parts of the Middle East serving as the primary arenas of struggle As part of this Russian foreign policy, aimed to extend from the Baltic to the Indian Ocean, positioning Central Asia as a critical gateway to India, Britain’s most prized colonial asset. A pivotal aspect of this geopolitical contest was the dispute over the Sistan province, a long-standing area of contention between Iran and Afghanistan, the edge of Middle East. Considering its strategic interests along the route to India, Britain could not ignore this conflict. In 1870, the British government appointed a commission led by Frederic J. Goldsmid to settle claims from both Iran and Afghanistan, define the boundary, and resolve the dispute. The commission, which also included General Pollock and Dr. Henry Walter Bellew, played a significant role in shaping British imperial policy in the region. This study analyzes the arbitration’s impact and significance through a review of firsthand reports and historical documents and aims to show that the British concerns rely on long-term imperial plans.

Kaynakça

  • Adamec, L. W. (2006) Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. New Delhi.
  • Ainsworth, W. F. (Ed). (1879). Brief and Various, Seistan. The New Monthly Magazine, Volume XV. United Kingdom: Chapman and Hall, 104-115.
  • Ateş, A. (2001). Avşarlı Nadir Şah ve Döneminde Osmanlı-İran Mücadeleleri, (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Barthold, W. (1984). Sistan, the southern part of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, (pp.64-86) in An Historical Geography of Iran, edt. C. E. Bosworth, Princeton University Press.
  • Bellew, H. W. (1873). March of the Mission to Seistan, Calcutta.
  • Bradley, D. L., (2016). Sistan Arbitration Commission, Dictionary of Iran: A Shorter Encyclopedia, Khaneh-ye-Entesharha-ye-Navisandegan, 600-601.
  • Brobst, P. J. (1997). Sir Frederic Goldsmid and the Containment of Persia 1863-1873, Middle Eastern Studies, 33(2), 197-215.
  • Burne, O. T. (1872). Seistan Arbitration Case, British Library: Indian Office Records and Private Papers, 6 Folios, Date: 19 Nov. 1872.
  • Çapraz, H. (2011) Çarlık Rusya’sının Türkistan’da Hakimiyet Kurması. “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hakimiyet Kurması, SDU Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 51-78.
  • Curzon, G. N. (1892). Persia and the Persian Question. Volume II, London.
  • Davison, R. H. (1959). Where is the Middle East. Foreign Aff., 38, 665-675.
  • Duka, T. (1892), Notes of the quarter (July, August, September 1892) The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 879-904.
  • Dupree, L. (1980). The Age of the European Imperialism: Nineteenth Century A.D., (pp. 343-413) in Afghanistan Princeton University Press.
  • Fielding, N. (Ed). (2020). An Expedition to Kashgar: Conditions in Altyshahr, or Six Eastern Cities of the Chinese Province of Nanlu (Little Bukharia) in 1858-59. (102-123) in Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov.
  • Gillard, D. (1977). The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914. London.
  • Golden, P. B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford University Press.
  • Goldsmid, F. J. (1872-1873). Journey from Bunder Abbas to Mash’had by Sistan. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 17(2), 86-92.
  • Goldsmid, F. J. (1876). Eastern Persia. London.
  • Greaves, R. L. (1959). Persia and the Defence of India 1884-1892. London.
  • Greaves, R. L. (1986). Sistan in British Indian Frontier Policy. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 49(1), 90-102.
  • Holdich, T. H. (1908). Obituary: General Sir Frederic J. Goldsmid, K.C.S.I.C.B, The Geographical Journal, 31(2), 224-226
  • John L. E. (1984). Mission of N.P. Ignatʹev to Khiva and Bukhara in 1858, Newtonville MA.
  • Johnson, R. (2012). The Great Game and Power Projection. Imperial Crossroads. The Great Powers and the Persian Gulf. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press [Kindle Edition].
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (1997). The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29(2), 205-234.
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (2000). Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation 1804-1946. New York.
  • Khanikoff, N. d. (1861). Mémoire sur la partie méridionale de l’Asie centrale, Impremerie de L. Martinet. Paris.
  • Khanikoff, N. d. (1866) Mémoire sur l’ethnographie de la Perse. Impremerie de L. Martinet. Paris.
  • Kocatepe, D. (2024). The Helmand River Water Dispute Between Iran and Afghanistan: Historical Background, Potential Risks and Proposed Solutions. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(29), 308-333.
  • Kurtuluş, R. (2017) Keyaniler. TDVİA, 25, 345-346
  • Mccauley, M. (2016). Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Modern History. Routledge.
  • Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (2004). Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge. New York.
  • Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (2006). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran. Florida.
  • Morgan, G. (1981). Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia 1810-1895. Cass, London.
  • Raof, F. L- S. Güdül. (2020). Orta Asya’da Yeni Büyük Oyun’un Anahtarı: Afganistan. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 13-46.
  • Rushworth, D. (1997). Mapping in support of frontier arbitration: delimitation and demarcation. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, 5(1), 61-64.
  • Sykes, P. (2004). A History of Persia, Volume II. London.
  • T. H. T. (1908). Major-General Sir Frederic John Goldsmid, K.C.S.I., C.B., The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 619-629
  • Tate, G. P. (1910). Seistan, A Memoir on the History, Topography Ruins, and People of the Country, Part I to III. Calcutta.
  • Trapper, R. (2011). Introduction, in Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, edt. Richard Trapper, Routledge, New York.
  • Yuvalı, A. (2017). Tarih Öncesi ve Tarihî Devirlerde İran Coğrafyasında Türkler, Denge, 2, 1-13.

Sınırları Yeniden Şekillendirmek: Sistan Üzerindeki Emperyal İlgiye Kısa Bir Bakış

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 99 - 110, 26.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1580202

Öz

19’uncu yüzyılda İngiltere ve Rusya arasında izlenen hamleler serisi literatüre Büyük Oyun olarak geçmiş olup, Orta Asya ve Orta Doğu’nun bazı kesimleri birincil mücadele alanı olmak üzere birden fazla stratejik adım içermekte olan bir satranç müsabakasına benzetilen politik ve askeri bir çatışmaydı. Bununla alakalı olarak Baltık'tan Hint Okyanusu'na kadar uzanmayı hedefleyen Rus dış politikası, Orta Asya'yı İngiltere'nin en değerli sömürge varlığı olan Hindistan'a kritik bir geçit olarak konumlandırıyordu. Bu jeopolitik mücadelenin temel bir yönü, Orta Doğu’nun bir ucu sayılan İran ve Afganistan arasında uzun süredir çekişme konusu olan Sistan eyaleti üzerindeki anlaşmazlıktı. Hindistan'a giden yol üzerindeki stratejik çıkarlarını dikkate almak suretiyle İngiltere bu çatışmayı göz ardı edemezdi. İngiliz hükümeti hem İran'dan hem de Afganistan'dan gelen iddiaları karara bağlayıp sınırı belirlemek ve anlaşmazlığı çözmek için 1870’de Frederic J. Goldsmid liderliğinde bir heyet atadı. General Pollock ve Dr. Henry Walter Bellew'in de yer aldığı komisyon, bölgedeki İngiliz imparatorluk politikasını şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynadı. Bu çalışma, tahkimin etkisini ve önemini birincil elden raporların ve tarihi belgelerin incelenmesi yoluyla analiz etmekte olup, İngilizlerin bölgeye dair hassasiyetlerinin uzun vadeli imparatorluk planlarına dayandığını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adamec, L. W. (2006) Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. New Delhi.
  • Ainsworth, W. F. (Ed). (1879). Brief and Various, Seistan. The New Monthly Magazine, Volume XV. United Kingdom: Chapman and Hall, 104-115.
  • Ateş, A. (2001). Avşarlı Nadir Şah ve Döneminde Osmanlı-İran Mücadeleleri, (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Barthold, W. (1984). Sistan, the southern part of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, (pp.64-86) in An Historical Geography of Iran, edt. C. E. Bosworth, Princeton University Press.
  • Bellew, H. W. (1873). March of the Mission to Seistan, Calcutta.
  • Bradley, D. L., (2016). Sistan Arbitration Commission, Dictionary of Iran: A Shorter Encyclopedia, Khaneh-ye-Entesharha-ye-Navisandegan, 600-601.
  • Brobst, P. J. (1997). Sir Frederic Goldsmid and the Containment of Persia 1863-1873, Middle Eastern Studies, 33(2), 197-215.
  • Burne, O. T. (1872). Seistan Arbitration Case, British Library: Indian Office Records and Private Papers, 6 Folios, Date: 19 Nov. 1872.
  • Çapraz, H. (2011) Çarlık Rusya’sının Türkistan’da Hakimiyet Kurması. “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hakimiyet Kurması, SDU Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 51-78.
  • Curzon, G. N. (1892). Persia and the Persian Question. Volume II, London.
  • Davison, R. H. (1959). Where is the Middle East. Foreign Aff., 38, 665-675.
  • Duka, T. (1892), Notes of the quarter (July, August, September 1892) The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 879-904.
  • Dupree, L. (1980). The Age of the European Imperialism: Nineteenth Century A.D., (pp. 343-413) in Afghanistan Princeton University Press.
  • Fielding, N. (Ed). (2020). An Expedition to Kashgar: Conditions in Altyshahr, or Six Eastern Cities of the Chinese Province of Nanlu (Little Bukharia) in 1858-59. (102-123) in Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov.
  • Gillard, D. (1977). The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914. London.
  • Golden, P. B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford University Press.
  • Goldsmid, F. J. (1872-1873). Journey from Bunder Abbas to Mash’had by Sistan. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 17(2), 86-92.
  • Goldsmid, F. J. (1876). Eastern Persia. London.
  • Greaves, R. L. (1959). Persia and the Defence of India 1884-1892. London.
  • Greaves, R. L. (1986). Sistan in British Indian Frontier Policy. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 49(1), 90-102.
  • Holdich, T. H. (1908). Obituary: General Sir Frederic J. Goldsmid, K.C.S.I.C.B, The Geographical Journal, 31(2), 224-226
  • John L. E. (1984). Mission of N.P. Ignatʹev to Khiva and Bukhara in 1858, Newtonville MA.
  • Johnson, R. (2012). The Great Game and Power Projection. Imperial Crossroads. The Great Powers and the Persian Gulf. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press [Kindle Edition].
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (1997). The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29(2), 205-234.
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (2000). Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation 1804-1946. New York.
  • Khanikoff, N. d. (1861). Mémoire sur la partie méridionale de l’Asie centrale, Impremerie de L. Martinet. Paris.
  • Khanikoff, N. d. (1866) Mémoire sur l’ethnographie de la Perse. Impremerie de L. Martinet. Paris.
  • Kocatepe, D. (2024). The Helmand River Water Dispute Between Iran and Afghanistan: Historical Background, Potential Risks and Proposed Solutions. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(29), 308-333.
  • Kurtuluş, R. (2017) Keyaniler. TDVİA, 25, 345-346
  • Mccauley, M. (2016). Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Modern History. Routledge.
  • Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (2004). Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge. New York.
  • Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (2006). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran. Florida.
  • Morgan, G. (1981). Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia 1810-1895. Cass, London.
  • Raof, F. L- S. Güdül. (2020). Orta Asya’da Yeni Büyük Oyun’un Anahtarı: Afganistan. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 13-46.
  • Rushworth, D. (1997). Mapping in support of frontier arbitration: delimitation and demarcation. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, 5(1), 61-64.
  • Sykes, P. (2004). A History of Persia, Volume II. London.
  • T. H. T. (1908). Major-General Sir Frederic John Goldsmid, K.C.S.I., C.B., The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 619-629
  • Tate, G. P. (1910). Seistan, A Memoir on the History, Topography Ruins, and People of the Country, Part I to III. Calcutta.
  • Trapper, R. (2011). Introduction, in Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, edt. Richard Trapper, Routledge, New York.
  • Yuvalı, A. (2017). Tarih Öncesi ve Tarihî Devirlerde İran Coğrafyasında Türkler, Denge, 2, 1-13.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Habibe Temizsu 0000-0003-1132-6033

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Temizsu, H. (2025). Reshaping Borders: A Glimpse to Imperial Interests on Sistan. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1580202


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