Araştırma Makalesi

The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants

Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 29 Haziran 2026
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The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants

Öz

The study examines defense burden convergence for 41 European countries from 1996 to 2023, identifies the determinants of club formation. To this end, a two-stage empirical strategy was employed, combining the Phillips-Sul (2007,2009) club convergence with an ordered logit model. Results demonstrate no evidence of absolute convergence towards a single equilibrium point across Europe. Instead, results reveal the formation of five distinct convergence clubs and one divergent group. The results of the ordered logit model indicate that higher per capita GDP and trade openness increase the likelihood of membership in low-burden clubs, whereas NATO membership, larger population size and greater urbanization are associated with membership in high- burden clubs. Overall, the findings underscore the heterogeneous nature of European defense policies and highlight the structural and strategic factors underlying this divergence. The study thus provides a new analytical framework for debates on burden-sharing within NATO and the EU's common security policy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that ethical rules are followed in all preparation processes of this study. In case of detection of a contrary situation, BİİBFAD Journal does not have any responsibility and all responsibility belongs to the authors of the study.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank the Editorial Board of BİİBFAD Journal for their intense interest and efforts and the referees for their contribution.

Kaynakça

  1. Akyol Özcan, K. (2023). NATO üyesi ülkelerde askeri harcamaya büyüme ve nüfusun Etkisi: Panel ARDL testi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 151-176.
  2. Ali, H. E. (2012). Military expenditures and inequality in the Middle East and North Africa: A panel analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6),575-589.
  3. Apergis, N., Christou C., & Hassapis C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU Countries: Evidence from club convergence. Economics & Finance Research, 1, 45-59.
  4. Arvanitidis, P., & Kollias C. (2014). Converging defence Burdens? Some further findings. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 365-375.
  5. Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C., & Anastasopoulos, K. (2014). Is there an international convergence in defence burdens? Some initial findings. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4),611-620.
  6. Aydın, A. (2023). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve enflasyonun askeri harcamalar üzerindeki etkisi: ARDL analizi. Journal of Bucak Business Administration Faculty, 6(1), 87-108.
  7. Bartkowska, M., & Riedl, A. (2012). Regional convergence clubs in Europe: Identification and conditioning Factors. Economic Modelling, 29(1), 22-31.
  8. Belliler, S. (2023). ODKA Ülkelerinin savunma harcama yakınsaması: Çok kırılmalı Fourier panel birim kök testinden kanıtlar. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, 39, 183-199.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekonometrik ve İstatistiksel Yöntemler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

29 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

18 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

7 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
İğdeli, A. (2026). The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 175-195. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1825903
AMA
1.İğdeli A. The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants. BİİBFAD. 2026;10(1):175-195. doi:10.33399/biibfad.1825903
Chicago
İğdeli, Arif. 2026. “The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants”. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 10 (1): 175-95. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1825903.
EndNote
İğdeli A (01 Haziran 2026) The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 10 1 175–195.
IEEE
[1]A. İğdeli, “The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants”, BİİBFAD, c. 10, sy 1, ss. 175–195, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.33399/biibfad.1825903.
ISNAD
İğdeli, Arif. “The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants”. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 10/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 175-195. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1825903.
JAMA
1.İğdeli A. The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants. BİİBFAD. 2026;10:175–195.
MLA
İğdeli, Arif. “The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants”. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 175-9, doi:10.33399/biibfad.1825903.
Vancouver
1.Arif İğdeli. The Defense Burden Shift in Europe: An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Clubs and Their Determinants. BİİBFAD. 01 Haziran 2026;10(1):175-9. doi:10.33399/biibfad.1825903


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