TRB1 Bölgesindeki Gençlik STK’larının Finansal Durumlarına Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Öz

Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin TRB1 Bölgesinde (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl ve Tunceli) faaliyet gösteren Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları'nın (STK'lar) finansal kapasitelerini etkileyen faktörlerin neler olduğunu araştırmaktadır. Çünkü, az gelişmiş bölgelerde STK faaliyetlerine duyulan ihtiyaç daha fazla olsa da bu bölgelerdeki STK varlığı gelişmiş bölgelere göre daha sınırlıdır. Diğer taraftan, finansal kapasitesi yüksek olan STK’lar, kamu kurumları ile özel sektör kuruluşlarının başarısız oldukları alanlarda ve bölgelerde daha kaliteli, etkili ve sürdürülebilir kamusal ürün ve hizmetler üretebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, literatürde yer alan teorik ve ampirik çalışmalar incelenerek hangi faktörlerin STK’ların finansal kapasitesini etkilediğine dair varsayımlar not edilmiştir.  Bu varsayımları Türkiye’nin TRB1 Malatya Bölgesindeki STK örneklemi ile test etmek için, birincil ve ikincil veriler kullanılmıştır. Birincil veriler, TRB1 Bölgesinde gençlik, eğitim ve spor alanlarında faaliyet gösteren 66 Gençlik STK'sının kurumsal liderlerine (yönetici, başkan, gençlik sorumlusu vb.) uygulanan yarı yapılandırılmış detaylı bir anket araştırmasından elde edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, ikincil veriler T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı'na bağlı olan Sivil Toplumla İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü'nün veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, betimleyici istatiksel analiz yöntemiyle incelenerek bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, dış paydaşlarla işbirliği, dini ve ideolojik motivasyon, yönetsel yeterlik ve gelir kaynakları gibi faktörlerin STK'ların finansal kapasiteleri üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• finansal kapasite,TRB1 Bölgesi,yönetsel yeterlik,işbirliği,gelir çeşitliliği,dini ve ideolojik motivasyon

An Empirical Study for the Financial Situation of Youth CSOs in TRB1 Region of Turkey

Öz

This study evaluates factors which influence financial capacity of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) operating in TRB1 Region (Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl and Tunceli) of Turkey. Because, although the need for CSO activity is higher in less developed regions, the presence of CSOs is more limited in these regions compared to more developed regions. On the other hand, CSOs with higher financial capacity can provide more qualified, effective and sustainable public goods and services in the areas and regions where public institutions and private sector organizations fail. In this sense, existing assumptions about the factors influencing financial capacity of CSOs are noted after reviewing theoretical and empirical studies in the literature. In order to test these assumptions by the sample of CSOs in TRB1 Region of Turkey, primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary data was collected from a semi-structured and detailed survey research that was applied to organizational leaders (e.g., manager, director and youth representative) of 66 Youth CSOs that operate in the areas of youth, education and sport in TRB1 Region. In addition, secondary data was collected from the database of Directorate General of Relations with Civil Society under T.R. Ministry of Interior. Collected data was evaluated by descriptive statistical method to analyze relationships between dependent and independent variables. The research findings show that factors such as cooperation with external stakeholders, managerial competence and revenue sources have significant influence on the financial capacity of CSOs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• finansal kapasite,TRB1 Bölgesi,yönetsel yeterlik,işbirliği,gelir çeşitliliği,dini ve ideolojik motivasyon

Kaynakça

1. Aldrich, H.E. and Pfeffer, J. (1976). Environments of Organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 79-105. Retrieved May 14, 2019, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946087
2. Anheier, H.K. (2005). Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy, London and New York: Routledge.
3. Ayhan, E. (2018). “The New Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey”. The Journal of MacroTrends in Social Science, 4(1), s. 45-65. Retrieved March 18, 2019, from http://www.macrojournals.com/journals/jmss_41
4. Ayhan, E., Tan, M. and Baydaş, M. (2016). “Neo-Liberal Globalization and Turkey”. The Journal of MacroTrends in Social Science, 2(1), s. 62-76. Retrieved March 18, 2019, from http://www.macrojournals.com/journals/jmss_21
5. Banks, N. and Hulme, D. (2012). “The role of NGOs and Civil Society in Development and Poverty Reduction”. (BWPI Working Paper 171). Retrieved May 20, 2019, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2072157
6. Bikmen, F. and Meydanoğlu, Z. (Ed.) (2006). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum: Bir Değişim Süreci, TUSEV-Türkiye Üçüncü Sektör Vakfı. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from http:/www.tusev.org.tr/userfiles/image/Uluslararasi%20STEP%20Turkiye%20Ulke%20Raporu.pdf.
7. Bowman, W. (2011). “Financial Capacity and Sustainability of Ordinary Nonprofits”. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 22(1), s. 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.20039
8. Boyne, G.A. (2003). “What is Public Service Improvement?”. Public Administration, 81, s. 211-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00343

9. Brass, J.N., Longhofer, W., Robinson, R. S. and Schnable, A. (2018). “CSOs and International Development: A Review of Thirty-Five Years of Scholarship”. World Development, 112, s. 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.016
10. Bryan, T.K. (2018). “Toward a Contingency Model for the Relationship Between Capacity and Effectiveness in Nonprofit Organizations”. NVSQ - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(4), s. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018815617
11. Burger, R., and Owens, T. (2009). “Receive Aid or Perish? Investigating Survival Prospects of African NGOs Without Grants”, Paper presented at the 2009 Conference of the Center for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, England. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2009-EDiA/papers/404-BurgerOwens.pdf.
12. Charity Commission (2003). RS4: Collaborative Working and Mergers. Charity Commission of England. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/collaborative-working-and-mergers-rs4
13. Chikoto, G.L., Ling, Q. and Daniel, G.N. (2015). “The Adoption and Use of Hirschman-Herfindahl Index in Nonprofit Research: Does Revenue Diversification Measurement Matter?” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(3), s. 1425-1447. https://doi:10.1007/s11266-015-9562-6
14. Cho, S. and Gillespie, D.F. (2006). “A Conceptual Model Exploring the Dynamics of Government-Nonprofit Service Delivery”. NVSQ - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(3), s. 493-509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006289327
15. Cooter R. and Ulen, T. (2000). Law and Economics, Boston: Addison Wesley Longman.
16. De Vita, C. J. and Fleming, C. (Ed.) (2001). Building Capacity in Nonprofit Organizations. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from http://research.urban.org/UploadedPDF/building_capacity.PDF
17. Despard, M.R., Nafziger-Mayegun, R.N., Adjabeng, B.K. and David, A. (2017). “Does Revenue Diversification Predict Financial Vulnerability Among Non-Governmental Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa?” VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(5), s. 2124-2144. https://doi:10.1007/s11266-017-9835-3
18. Doherty, A., Misener, K. and Cuskelly, G. (2013). “Toward A Multidimensional Framework of Capacity in Community Sport Clubs”. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(2), s. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013509892
19. Elbers, W. and Schulpen, L. (2013). “Corridors of Power: The Institutional Design of North-South NGO Partnerships”. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24, s. 48–67. https://doi:10.1007/s11266-012-9332-7.
20. Fowler, A. (2000). The Virtuous Spiral: A Guide to Sustainability for NGOs in International Development. London: Earthscan.
21. Frumkin, P. and Keating, E. K. (2011). “Diversification Reconsidered: The Risks and Rewards of Revenue Concentration”. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2, s. 151–164. https://doi:10.1080/19420676.2011
22. Garton, J. (2009). The Regulation of Organised Civil Society, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
23. Gronbjerg, K.A. (1993). Understanding Non-Profit Funding: Managing Revenues in Social Services and Community Development Organizations, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
24. Hackler, D. and Saxton, G.D. (2007). “The Strategic Use of Information Technology by Nonprofit Organizations: Increasing Capacity and Untapped Potential”. Public Administration Review, 67(3), s. 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00730.x
25. Hansmann, H. (1987). Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations. In W. W. Powell (Ed.). The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (1st Edition) (s. 27-42). New Haven: Yale University Press.
26. Heper, M. (1985). The State Tradition in Turkey. Northgate: The Eothen Press.
27. Hudock, A. C. (1995). “Sustaining Southern NGOs in Resource-Dependent Environments”. Journal of International Development, 7, s. 653–667. https://doi:10.1002/jid.3380070407
28. James, E. (1987). The Non-Profit Sector in Comparative Perspective. In W. W. Powell (Ed.). The Non-Profit Sector: A Research Handbook (s. 397-415). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. James, E. and Rose-Ackerman, S. (1986). The Nonprofit Enterprise in Market Economies, New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.
30. Judge, T.A., Cable, D.M., Boudreau, J.W. and Bretz, R.D. (1995). “An Empirical Investigation of The Predictors of Executive Career Success”. Personnel Psychology, 48, s. 485-519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01767.x
31. Keating, E.K., Fischer, M., Gordon, T.P. and Greenlee, J.S. (2005). “Assessing Financial Vulnerability in the Nonprofit Sector”. Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP05-00, The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government). Retrieved March 27, 2019, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=647662.
32. Keyman, E.F. and İçduygu, A. (2005). Citizenship in a Global World: European Questions and Turkish Experiences, London: Routledge.
33. Levitt, T. (1973). The Third Sector: New Tactics for a Responsive Society, New York, AMACOM.
34. Lu, J., Lin, W. and Wang, Q. (2019). “Does a More Diversified Revenue Structure Lead to Greater Financial Capacity and Less Vulnerability in Nonprofit Organizations? A Bibliometric and Meta-Analysis”. VOLUNTAS – International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(3), s. 593-609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00093-9
35. Lu, Y. (2009). Non-Governmental Organizations in China, New York: Routledge.
36. Malatesta, D. and Smith, C.R. (2014). “Lessons from Resource Dependence Theory for Contemporary Public and Nonprofit Management”. Public Administration Review, 74 (1), s. 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12181
37. Marguerite Casey Foundation (2017). Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from Marguerite Casey Foundation (2017). Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://caseygrants.org/resources/org-capacity-assessment/
38. McDaniel, M.A., Schmidt, F.L. and Hunter, J.E. (1988). “Job Correlates of Job Performance”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, s. 327-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.327
39. Mitchell, G. E. (2014). “Strategic responses to resource dependence among transnational NGOs registered in the United States”. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25, s. 67–91. https://doi:10.1007/s11266-012-9329-2
40. Nafukho, F.M., Hairston, N. and Brooks, K. (2004). “Human Capital Theory: Implications for Human Resource Development”. Human Resource Development International, 7, s. 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000299843
41. Odabaşı, Z. (2015). “Türkiye Selçukluları’ndan Osmanlı’ya Küçük Bir Miras: XIX. Yüzyılda Küçük Karatay (Kemâliye) Medresesi”. Vakıflar Dergisi, 44, 95-104.
42. Olson, M. (1971). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
43. Önder, M. (2006). How Local Conditions Affect the Existence and Capacity of the Nonprofit Sector: A Test of Competing Theories. PhD Dissertation, Florida State University. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:180507/datastream/PDF/view
44. Önder, M. and Köylü, M. (2018). “Professional City Manager Model in USA Local Governments: Diffusing or Not?” Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 27(1), s. 77-112.
45. Özer, M. A. (2006). “Yönetişim Üzerine Notlar”. Sayıştay Dergisi, 63, s. 59-89. Retrieved March 22, 2019, from https://dergi.sayistay.gov.tr/?page=arsiv
46. Pfeffer, J. And Salancik, G.R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper & Row.
47. Rose-Ackerman, S. (1996). “Altruism, Nonprofits and Economic Theory”. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(2), s. 701–728. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2729219
48. Salamon, L.M. (1987). “Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State”. NVSQ - Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 16(1-2), s. 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976408701600104
49. Salamon, L.M. and Anheier, H.K. (1998). “Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally”. VOLUNTAS – International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9(3), s. 213-248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022058200985
50. Sontag-Padilla, L.M., Staplefoote, L. and Gonzalez Morganti, K. (2012). Financial Sustainability for Nonprofit Organizations: A Review of The Literature. (Research Report, sponsored by the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh). Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR121/RAND_RR121.pdf
51. Steinberg, R. (2006). Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations. In W. W. Powell and R. Steinberg (Ed). The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (2nd Edition) (s. 117-139). New Haven: Yale University Press.
52. Tevel, E., Katz, H. and Brock, D. M. (2015). “Nonprofit Financial Vulnerability: Testing Competing Models, Recommended Improvements, and Implications”. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26, 2500–2516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9523-5
53. Tuckman, H. P. and Chang, C. F. (1991). “A Methodology for Measuring the Financial Vulnerability of Charitable Nonprofit Organizations”. VOLUNTAS – International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20(4), s. 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409102000407
54. Uçar, T. and Akman, Ç. (2019). “Türkiye’de Hava Yolu Ulaşım Sektöründe Kamu Özel Ortaklığı: Özel Ve Kamu İşletmesindeki İki Havalimanı Karşılaştırması”. EKEV Akademi Journal, 23(78), s. 523-551. http://www.ekevakademi.org/DergiPdfDetay.aspx?ID=1122
55. Wallace, T., Bornstein, L. and Chapman, J. (2006). The Aid Chain: Coercion and Commitment in Development NGOs. Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications.
56. Watkins, S.C., Swidler, A. and Hannan, T. (2012). “Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations”. Sociology, 38, s. 283–315. https://doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516
57. Weisbrod, B. A. (1975). Toward a theory of the voluntary nonprofit sector in a three-sector economy. In E. Phelps (Ed.), Altruism, morality and economic theory (s. 171-196). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.