The Relationship between Trade Openness-Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: The Case of BRICS-T Countries

Abstract

With globalization, the volume of goods and capital moving across borders has increased worldwide. In order to benefit from this increase, countries that implement export-oriented growth policies and policies that facilitate the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) can achieve high economic growth rates. This study aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the trade openness, foreign direct investment and growth nexus in the group of emerging market economies called BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) for the period 1992-2019 using panel data analysis methods. As a result of the analysis, a bidirectional Granger causality was found between trade openness and growth and a one-way Granger causality relationship from growth to foreign direct investments. However, causality relationships between trade openness and foreign direct investment are only found in India and South Africa. In addition, one-way causality relationships, running from growth to trade openness and from growth to foreign direct investment, were found for Turkey. The findings of the study imply that trade openness may have an indirect effect on foreign direct investment through economic growth.

Keywords

• FDI
• trade openness
• growth
• panel data analysis
• BRICS
• Turkey

Ticari Dışa Açıklık-Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği

Öz

Küreselleşme ile birlikte tüm dünyada sınırlararası hareket eden malların ve sermayenin hacmi artmıştır. Bu artıştan faydalanmak için ihracat odaklı büyüme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların girişini kolaylaştıran politikalar uygulayan ülkeler yüksek bir ekonomik büyüme hızı yakalayabilmektedirler. Bu çalışma BRICS-T (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye) olarak adlandırılan yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ticari açıklığın ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve büyüme ilişkisini 1992-2019 dönemi için panel veri analizi yöntemleri ile inceleyerek literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Analiz sonucunda, BRICS-T ülkelerinden oluşan panel için çalışma döneminde ticari açıklık ve büyüme arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi ve büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, sadece Hindistan ve Güney Afrika için ticari açıklık ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasında nedensellik ilişkilerine rastlanmıştır. Türkiye için büyümeden ticari açıklığa ve büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkileri bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları panel için ticari dışa açıklığın doğrudan yabancı yatırımları dolaylı olarak büyüme üzerinden etkileyebileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• DYY
• ticari açıklık
• büyüme
• panel veri analizi
• BRICS
• Türkiye

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