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Emeklilik Sonrası Çalışma ve İkinci Kariyer: Köprü İstihdamı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 48 - 62, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1620312

Öz

Emeklilik sonrası çalışma ve ikinci kariyer konusu günümüzde giderek daha yaygın bir çalışma alanı haline gelmektedir. Geleneksel emeklilik anlayışları artık değişmekte; insanlar daha uzun süreler aktif kalmaktadır. Bireylerin geleneksel tam zamanlı işlerini bırakıp emekli olmalarının ardından, tam emekliliğe geçiş yapmadan önce üstlendikleri işler için köprü istihdamı kavramı kullanılmaktadır. Kavram, bireyin yaptığı iş ve çalışmadan yaşayacağı emeklilik hayatı arasında yer alan köprüyü ifade eder. Bu köprü bireyin emekli olmadan önceki kariyer ya da mesleğini devam ettirmesi şeklinde olabileceği gibi, herhangi bir benzerliği olmayan ikinci bir kariyeri de ifade edebilir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle emekliliğin teorik kavramsallaştırmaları ele alınmış olup, emeklilik ve ikinci kariyer arasında yer alan köprü istihdamı kavramı ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, emeklilik sonrası çalışma ve ikinci kariyer seçenekleri üzerine yapılan araştırmalarda, emeklilerin yaş, sağlık durumu, finansal ihtiyaçlar ve kişisel tatmin gibi faktörlerin detaylı olarak analiz edilmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, G. A., & BEEHR, T. A. (1998). Turnover and retirement: A comparison of their similarities and differences. Personnel Psychology, 51(3), 643-665. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00255.x
  • ADAMS, G. A., PRESCHER, J., BEEHR, T. A., & LEPİSTO, L. (2002). Applying work-role attachment theory to retirement decision-making. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54(2), 125-137. doi: 10.2190/JRUQ-XQ2N-UP0A-M432
  • ADAMS, G., & RAU, B. (2004). Job seeking among retirees seeking bridge employment. Personnel Psychology, 57(3), 719-744. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00005.x
  • ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M. (2008). Human resource practices for an aging workforce. In S. Tyson (Ed.), Strategic Human Resource Management (pp. 201–220). CIPD.
  • ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M., & SCHLOSSER, F. (2008). Benefits of a supportive development climate for older workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(4), 419–437.
  • BEEHR, T. A. (1986). The process of retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychology, 39(1), 31-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00573.x
  • BERNHEİM, B. D., GARRETT, D. M. (2003). The effects of financial education in the workplace: evidence from a survey of households. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7-8), 1487-1519. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00184-0
  • BİDEWELL, J., GRİFFİN, B., & HESKETH, B. (2006). Timing of retirement: Including delay discounting perspective in retirement model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2) 368-387. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.06.002
  • BİRATİ, A., & TZİNER, A. (1995). Successful promotion of early retirement: A quantitative approach. Human Resource Management Review, 5(1), 53-62. doi: 10.1016/1053-4822(95)90007-1
  • BOXALL, P., & PURCELL, J. (2011). Strategy and human resource management (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CAHILL, K. E., GIANDREA, M. D., & QUINN, J. F. (2011). Reentering the labor force after retirement. Monthly Labor Review, 134(6), 34–42.
  • CALASANTİ, T. M. (1996). Gender and life satisfaction in retirement: An assessment of the male model. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51(1), 18-29. doi: 10.1093/geronb/51b.1.s18
  • CRON, W. L., JACKOFSKY, E. F., & SLOCUM, J. W. (1993). Job performance and attitudes of disengagement stage salespeople who are about to retire. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 13(2), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/08853134.1993.10753943
  • EDWARDS, J. R. & SHİPP, A. J. (2007). The relationship between person-environment fit and outcomes: An integrative theoretical framework. In C. Ostroff & T. A. Judge (Eds.), Perspectives on organizational fit (pp. 209-258). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • EKERDT, D. J., KOSLOSKİ, K, & DEVİNEY, S. (2000). The normative anticipation of retirement by older workers. Research on Aging, 22(1), 3-22. doi: 10.1177/0164027500221001
  • EUROFOUND. (2012). Income from work after retirement in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • EVANS, L., EKERDT, D. J., & BOSSE, R. (1985). Proximity to retirement and anticipatory involvement: Findings from the normative aging study. Journal of Gerontology, 40(3), 368–374. doi: 10.1093/geronj/40.3.368
  • FELDMAN, D. C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. The Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 285–311. doi: 10.2307/258706
  • FREUND, A. M., & BALTES, P. B. (1998). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(4), 531-543. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.13.4.531
  • FRİEZE IH, OLSON JE, MURRELL AJ.(2011). Working beyond 65: predictors of late retirement for women and men MBAs. Journal Women Aging, 23(1), 40-57. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2011.540485.
  • GLAMSER, F. D. (1976). Determinants of a positive attitude toward retirement. Journal of Gerontology, 31(1), 104–107. doi: 10.1093/geronj/31.1.104
  • GOWAN, M. A. (1998). A preliminary investigation of the factors affecting appraisal of the decision to take early retirement. Journal of Employment Counseling, 35(3), 124-140. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.1998.tb00994.x
  • HERSHEY, D. A., & MOWEN, J. C. (2000). Psychological determinants of financial preparedness for retirement. The Gerontologist, 40(6), 687–697. doi: 10.1093/geront/40.6.687
  • HOBFOLL, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307-324. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.30
  • KAST, F. E., & ROSENZWEİG, J. E. (1972). General systems theory: Applications for organization and management. Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 447–465. doi: 10.2307/255141
  • KİM, S. (2003). The impact of research productivity on early retirement of university professors. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society, 42(1), 106–125. doi: 10.1111/1468-232X.00280
  • KİM, H., & DEVANEY, S. A. (2005). The selection of partial or full retirement by older workers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26(3), 371-394. doi:10.1007/s10834-005-5903-8
  • KİM, S., & FELDMAN, D. C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195–1210. doi:10.2307/1556345
  • KİM, J., KWON, J., & ANDERSON, E. A. (2005). Factors related to retirement confidence: Retirement preparation and workplace financial education. Financial Counseling and Planning, 16(2), 77-89. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-11386-006
  • LAIN, D. (2012). Working past 65 in the UK and the USA: Comparing public policies. Journal of Social Policy, 41(3), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279412000216
  • LAIN, D., & VICKERSTAFF, S. (2015). National institutions and older workers: International perspectives. Social Policy & Society, 14(3), 407–416.
  • MOEN, P. (1996). Life course perspective on retirement, gender, and well-being. Journal Occupational Health Psychology. 1(2), 131-144. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.1.2.131
  • MULLER, C. F., & BOAZ, R. F. (1988). Health as a reason or a rationalization for being retired? Research on Aging, 10(1), 37-55. doi: 10.1177/01640275881010
  • OECD. (2018). Working Better with Age: Japan. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264201996-en
  • PATRICKSON, M., & HARTMANN, L. (1998). Australian women and retirement: Challenges and opportunities. Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 9(1), 107–122.
  • PATRONLAR DÜNYASI (2024). Çalışma hayatında yeni dönem: İstihdamda 50 yaş trendi. https://www.patronlardunyasi.com/calisma-hayatinda-yeni-donem-istihdamda-50-yas-trendi
  • PEREİRA MC, ROSA M, SANTOS MH. (2023). The Gender of Retirement in a Double-Ageing Country: Perspectives and Experiences of Retired Women and Men in Portugal. Behavioral Sciences 13(9), 774. doi: 10.3390/bs13090774.
  • PHILLIPSON, C., & SMITH, A. (2005). Extending working life: A review of the research literature. Department for Work and Pensions Research Report No. 299.
  • PINQUART, M., & SCHINDLER, I. (2007). Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent-class approach. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 442-455. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.442
  • POSTHUMA, R. A., & CAMPİON, M. A. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 158–188.
  • QUICK, H. E., & MOEN, P. (1998). Gender, employment, and retirement quality: A life course approach to the differential experiences of men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(1), 44-64. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.3.1.44
  • PRICE CA. (2002). Retirement for women: the impact of employment. Journal Women Aging, 14(3-4), 41-57. doi: 10.1300/J074v14n03_04.
  • RAU, B. L., & ADAMS, G. A. (2005). Attracting retirees to apply: Desired organizational characteristics of bridge employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(6), 649-660. doi: 10.1002/job.330
  • ROSEN, B., & JERDEE, T. H. (1989). Retirement policies: Evidence of the need for change. Human Resource Management, 28(1), 87-103. doi: 10.1002/hrm.3930280106
  • SETTERSTEN, R. A. Jr., & HAGESTAD, G. (1996). What’s the latest? Cultural age deadlines for educational and work transitions. The Gerontologist, 36(5), 602-613. doi: 10.1093/geront/36.5.602
  • SHACKLOCK, K., FULOP, L., & HORT, L. (2007). Managing older worker exit and re-entry practices: A 'revolving door'?. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 151–167.
  • SHACKLOCK, K., & BRUNETTO, Y. (2011). A model of older workers’ intentions to continue working. Personnel Review, 40(2), 252–274.
  • SHULTZ, K. S. (2003). Bridge employment: Work after retirement. In G. A. Adams & T.A. Beehr (Eds.), Retirement: Reasons, processes, and results (pp. 214-241). New York: Springer.
  • SHULTZ, K. S., MORTON, K. R., & WECKERLE, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53(1), 45-57. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610
  • SHULTZ, K. S., & WANG, M. (2007). The influence of specific health conditions on retirement decisions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 149-161. doi: 10.2190/AG.65.
  • SILVERMAN M, SKIRBOLL E & PAYNE J. (1996). An examination of women's retirement: African American women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 11(4), 319-334. doi: 10.1007/BF00115799
  • SPIEGEL, P. E., & SHULTZ, K. S. (2003). The influence of preretirement planning and transferability of skills on Naval officers’ retirement satisfaction and adjustment. Military Psychology, 15(4), 285-307. doi: 10.1207/S15327876MP1504_3
  • SZUBERT, Z., & SOBALA, W. (2005). Current determinants of early retirement among blue collar workers in Poland. International Journal of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health, 18(2) 177-184. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201209/
  • TALAGA, JA. & BEEHR, TA. (1995). Are there gender differences in predicting retirement decisions? Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1):16-28. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.16.
  • TAYLOR, P. (2006). Employment initiatives for an ageing workforce in the EU15. International Social Security Review, 59(1), 31–45.
  • TAYLOR, P., & EARL, C. (2016). The social construction of retirement and evolving policy discourse of working longer. Journal of Social Policy, 45(2), 251–268.
  • TÜİK (2024). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023.
  • TYERS, R., & SHİ, Q. (2007). Demographic change and policy responses: Implications for the global economy. World Economy, 30(4), 537-566. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01004.x
  • VAN DALEN, H. P., HENKENS, K., & SCHIPPERS, J. (2010). Productivity of older workers: Perceptions of employers and employees. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00331.x
  • VAN SOLİNGE, H., & HENKENS, K. (2008). Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind? Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422-434. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.422
  • WANG, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455-474. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455.
  • WANG M, & SHİ J. (2014). Psychological research on retirement. Annual Review Psychology. 65, 209-233. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115131.
  • WANG, M., ZHAN, Y., LİU, S., & SHULTZ, K. (2008). Antecedents of bridge employment: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 818-830. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.818

Post-Retirement Employment and Second Career: Bridge Employment

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 48 - 62, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1620312

Öz

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, G. A., & BEEHR, T. A. (1998). Turnover and retirement: A comparison of their similarities and differences. Personnel Psychology, 51(3), 643-665. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00255.x
  • ADAMS, G. A., PRESCHER, J., BEEHR, T. A., & LEPİSTO, L. (2002). Applying work-role attachment theory to retirement decision-making. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54(2), 125-137. doi: 10.2190/JRUQ-XQ2N-UP0A-M432
  • ADAMS, G., & RAU, B. (2004). Job seeking among retirees seeking bridge employment. Personnel Psychology, 57(3), 719-744. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00005.x
  • ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M. (2008). Human resource practices for an aging workforce. In S. Tyson (Ed.), Strategic Human Resource Management (pp. 201–220). CIPD.
  • ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M., & SCHLOSSER, F. (2008). Benefits of a supportive development climate for older workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(4), 419–437.
  • BEEHR, T. A. (1986). The process of retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Personnel Psychology, 39(1), 31-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00573.x
  • BERNHEİM, B. D., GARRETT, D. M. (2003). The effects of financial education in the workplace: evidence from a survey of households. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7-8), 1487-1519. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00184-0
  • BİDEWELL, J., GRİFFİN, B., & HESKETH, B. (2006). Timing of retirement: Including delay discounting perspective in retirement model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2) 368-387. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.06.002
  • BİRATİ, A., & TZİNER, A. (1995). Successful promotion of early retirement: A quantitative approach. Human Resource Management Review, 5(1), 53-62. doi: 10.1016/1053-4822(95)90007-1
  • BOXALL, P., & PURCELL, J. (2011). Strategy and human resource management (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • CAHILL, K. E., GIANDREA, M. D., & QUINN, J. F. (2011). Reentering the labor force after retirement. Monthly Labor Review, 134(6), 34–42.
  • CALASANTİ, T. M. (1996). Gender and life satisfaction in retirement: An assessment of the male model. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51(1), 18-29. doi: 10.1093/geronb/51b.1.s18
  • CRON, W. L., JACKOFSKY, E. F., & SLOCUM, J. W. (1993). Job performance and attitudes of disengagement stage salespeople who are about to retire. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 13(2), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/08853134.1993.10753943
  • EDWARDS, J. R. & SHİPP, A. J. (2007). The relationship between person-environment fit and outcomes: An integrative theoretical framework. In C. Ostroff & T. A. Judge (Eds.), Perspectives on organizational fit (pp. 209-258). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • EKERDT, D. J., KOSLOSKİ, K, & DEVİNEY, S. (2000). The normative anticipation of retirement by older workers. Research on Aging, 22(1), 3-22. doi: 10.1177/0164027500221001
  • EUROFOUND. (2012). Income from work after retirement in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • EVANS, L., EKERDT, D. J., & BOSSE, R. (1985). Proximity to retirement and anticipatory involvement: Findings from the normative aging study. Journal of Gerontology, 40(3), 368–374. doi: 10.1093/geronj/40.3.368
  • FELDMAN, D. C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. The Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 285–311. doi: 10.2307/258706
  • FREUND, A. M., & BALTES, P. B. (1998). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(4), 531-543. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.13.4.531
  • FRİEZE IH, OLSON JE, MURRELL AJ.(2011). Working beyond 65: predictors of late retirement for women and men MBAs. Journal Women Aging, 23(1), 40-57. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2011.540485.
  • GLAMSER, F. D. (1976). Determinants of a positive attitude toward retirement. Journal of Gerontology, 31(1), 104–107. doi: 10.1093/geronj/31.1.104
  • GOWAN, M. A. (1998). A preliminary investigation of the factors affecting appraisal of the decision to take early retirement. Journal of Employment Counseling, 35(3), 124-140. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.1998.tb00994.x
  • HERSHEY, D. A., & MOWEN, J. C. (2000). Psychological determinants of financial preparedness for retirement. The Gerontologist, 40(6), 687–697. doi: 10.1093/geront/40.6.687
  • HOBFOLL, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307-324. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.30
  • KAST, F. E., & ROSENZWEİG, J. E. (1972). General systems theory: Applications for organization and management. Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 447–465. doi: 10.2307/255141
  • KİM, S. (2003). The impact of research productivity on early retirement of university professors. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society, 42(1), 106–125. doi: 10.1111/1468-232X.00280
  • KİM, H., & DEVANEY, S. A. (2005). The selection of partial or full retirement by older workers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26(3), 371-394. doi:10.1007/s10834-005-5903-8
  • KİM, S., & FELDMAN, D. C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195–1210. doi:10.2307/1556345
  • KİM, J., KWON, J., & ANDERSON, E. A. (2005). Factors related to retirement confidence: Retirement preparation and workplace financial education. Financial Counseling and Planning, 16(2), 77-89. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-11386-006
  • LAIN, D. (2012). Working past 65 in the UK and the USA: Comparing public policies. Journal of Social Policy, 41(3), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279412000216
  • LAIN, D., & VICKERSTAFF, S. (2015). National institutions and older workers: International perspectives. Social Policy & Society, 14(3), 407–416.
  • MOEN, P. (1996). Life course perspective on retirement, gender, and well-being. Journal Occupational Health Psychology. 1(2), 131-144. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.1.2.131
  • MULLER, C. F., & BOAZ, R. F. (1988). Health as a reason or a rationalization for being retired? Research on Aging, 10(1), 37-55. doi: 10.1177/01640275881010
  • OECD. (2018). Working Better with Age: Japan. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264201996-en
  • PATRICKSON, M., & HARTMANN, L. (1998). Australian women and retirement: Challenges and opportunities. Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 9(1), 107–122.
  • PATRONLAR DÜNYASI (2024). Çalışma hayatında yeni dönem: İstihdamda 50 yaş trendi. https://www.patronlardunyasi.com/calisma-hayatinda-yeni-donem-istihdamda-50-yas-trendi
  • PEREİRA MC, ROSA M, SANTOS MH. (2023). The Gender of Retirement in a Double-Ageing Country: Perspectives and Experiences of Retired Women and Men in Portugal. Behavioral Sciences 13(9), 774. doi: 10.3390/bs13090774.
  • PHILLIPSON, C., & SMITH, A. (2005). Extending working life: A review of the research literature. Department for Work and Pensions Research Report No. 299.
  • PINQUART, M., & SCHINDLER, I. (2007). Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent-class approach. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 442-455. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.442
  • POSTHUMA, R. A., & CAMPİON, M. A. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 158–188.
  • QUICK, H. E., & MOEN, P. (1998). Gender, employment, and retirement quality: A life course approach to the differential experiences of men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(1), 44-64. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.3.1.44
  • PRICE CA. (2002). Retirement for women: the impact of employment. Journal Women Aging, 14(3-4), 41-57. doi: 10.1300/J074v14n03_04.
  • RAU, B. L., & ADAMS, G. A. (2005). Attracting retirees to apply: Desired organizational characteristics of bridge employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(6), 649-660. doi: 10.1002/job.330
  • ROSEN, B., & JERDEE, T. H. (1989). Retirement policies: Evidence of the need for change. Human Resource Management, 28(1), 87-103. doi: 10.1002/hrm.3930280106
  • SETTERSTEN, R. A. Jr., & HAGESTAD, G. (1996). What’s the latest? Cultural age deadlines for educational and work transitions. The Gerontologist, 36(5), 602-613. doi: 10.1093/geront/36.5.602
  • SHACKLOCK, K., FULOP, L., & HORT, L. (2007). Managing older worker exit and re-entry practices: A 'revolving door'?. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 151–167.
  • SHACKLOCK, K., & BRUNETTO, Y. (2011). A model of older workers’ intentions to continue working. Personnel Review, 40(2), 252–274.
  • SHULTZ, K. S. (2003). Bridge employment: Work after retirement. In G. A. Adams & T.A. Beehr (Eds.), Retirement: Reasons, processes, and results (pp. 214-241). New York: Springer.
  • SHULTZ, K. S., MORTON, K. R., & WECKERLE, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53(1), 45-57. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610
  • SHULTZ, K. S., & WANG, M. (2007). The influence of specific health conditions on retirement decisions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 149-161. doi: 10.2190/AG.65.
  • SILVERMAN M, SKIRBOLL E & PAYNE J. (1996). An examination of women's retirement: African American women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 11(4), 319-334. doi: 10.1007/BF00115799
  • SPIEGEL, P. E., & SHULTZ, K. S. (2003). The influence of preretirement planning and transferability of skills on Naval officers’ retirement satisfaction and adjustment. Military Psychology, 15(4), 285-307. doi: 10.1207/S15327876MP1504_3
  • SZUBERT, Z., & SOBALA, W. (2005). Current determinants of early retirement among blue collar workers in Poland. International Journal of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health, 18(2) 177-184. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201209/
  • TALAGA, JA. & BEEHR, TA. (1995). Are there gender differences in predicting retirement decisions? Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1):16-28. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.16.
  • TAYLOR, P. (2006). Employment initiatives for an ageing workforce in the EU15. International Social Security Review, 59(1), 31–45.
  • TAYLOR, P., & EARL, C. (2016). The social construction of retirement and evolving policy discourse of working longer. Journal of Social Policy, 45(2), 251–268.
  • TÜİK (2024). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023.
  • TYERS, R., & SHİ, Q. (2007). Demographic change and policy responses: Implications for the global economy. World Economy, 30(4), 537-566. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01004.x
  • VAN DALEN, H. P., HENKENS, K., & SCHIPPERS, J. (2010). Productivity of older workers: Perceptions of employers and employees. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00331.x
  • VAN SOLİNGE, H., & HENKENS, K. (2008). Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind? Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422-434. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.422
  • WANG, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455-474. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455.
  • WANG M, & SHİ J. (2014). Psychological research on retirement. Annual Review Psychology. 65, 209-233. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115131.
  • WANG, M., ZHAN, Y., LİU, S., & SHULTZ, K. (2008). Antecedents of bridge employment: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 818-830. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.818
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Emre Kol 0000-0002-3242-6925

Seda Topgül 0000-0003-1649-1732

Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kol, E., & Topgül, S. (2025). Emeklilik Sonrası Çalışma ve İkinci Kariyer: Köprü İstihdamı. Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1620312