Humoral Immune Responses After Nosema Infection in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Öz

Honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.) are an economically and ecologically important insect group as pollinators of many wild and agricultural plants. Colony losses that continue every year make beekeeping economically unsustainable. In addition, productivity decreases in the production of plants that need to be pollinated. This situation jeopardizes the future of the food reserves that people currently consume. With the influence of biotic and abiotic factors worldwide, Nosemosis causes critical colony losses, especially during the transition from winter to spring. Due to nosemosis, changes occur in the physiology and behavior of bees. It has been observed that nurse bees working in the hive go out looking for food in a shorter time than usual. For this reason, the order of the colony is disrupted and the survival of new generations is at risk. Bees have an immune system that can defend themselves against attacks from different pathogens. This system includes physical barriers as the first line of defense and innate cellular and humoral immunity as the second line of defense. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) apidaecin, abaecin, hymenoptaecin and defensin, which are components of humoral immunity, contribute greatly to the defense against microorganisms. However, it has been revealed that the expression levels of AMPs decrease as a result of suppression of the immune system of honey bees after Nosemosis. Therefore, understanding the interaction between Nosemosis and immune mechanisms and therefore developing methods to challenge this disease is very valuable in terms of bee health and bee keeping economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apis mellifera
• Honey Bee Diseases
• Humoral Immunity
• Nosema ceranae
• Nosema apis
• Nosemosis

Humoral Immune Responses After Nosema Infection in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Öz

Honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.) are an economically and ecologically important insect group as pollinators of many wild and agricultural plants. Colony losses that continue every year make beekeeping economically unsustainable. In addition, productivity decreases in the production of plants that need to be pollinated. This situation jeopardizes the future of the food reserves that people currently consume. With the influence of biotic and abiotic factors worldwide, Nosemosis causes critical colony losses, especially during the transition from winter to spring. Due to nosemosis, changes occur in the physiology and behavior of bees. It has been observed that nurse bees working in the hive go out looking for food in a shorter time than usual. For this reason, the order of the colony is disrupted and the survival of new generations is at risk. Bees have an immune system that can defend themselves against attacks from different pathogens. This system includes physical barriers as the first line of defense and innate cellular and humoral immunity as the second line of defense.Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) apidaecin, abaecin, hymenoptaecin and defensin, which are components of humoral immunity, contribute greatly to the defense against microorganisms. However, it has been revealed that the expression levels of AMPs decrease as a result of suppression of the immune system of honey bees after Nosemosis. Therefore, understanding the interaction between Nosemosis and immune mechanisms and therefore developing methods to challenge this disease is very valuable in terms of bee health and beekeeping economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apis mellifera
• Bal Arısı Hastalıkları
• Hümoral Bağışıklık
• Nosema ceranae
• Nosema apis
• Nosemosis

Kaynakça

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