Vascular plant diversity of the Alanya Castle walls and their ecological effects

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 9 - 18, 15.04.2020

Ahmet Aksoy Jale Çelik

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2020.731423

Cited By: 1

Öz

Since historical buildings are living mirrors of the past, it is very important to preserve and transfer them to future generations. In this study, plants growing on the walls of Alanya Castle were identified and the damages that these plants gave to the historical construction and the precautions to be taken to prevent these damages were emphasized. A total of 94 plant taxa, including five pteridophytes, one gymnosperm and 88 angiosperms, belonging to 35 families were identified on the walls of Alanya Castle. Conyza canadensis, Inula heterolepis, Phagnalon graecum, Arabis verna, Mercurialis annua, Fumaria parviflora, Cymbalaria microcalyx, Galium canum subsp. antalyense, Parietaria judaica, Hyoscyamus aureus, Poa bulbosa were the dominant plant species of Alanya Castle walls. Possible seed dispersion of these plants on
the castle walls and the methods for controlling them are discussed in detail. We conclude that the most effective method of combating plants that grow naturally on historical buildings and give damage to these buildings is mechanical excavation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alanya, biodiversity, mechanical excavation, urban ecosystems, wall flora

Teşekkür

We wish to thank Dr. Bekir Kabasakal for his ecological contributions and language editing.

Alanya Kalesi duvarlarının vasküler bitki çeşitliliği ve ekolojik etkileri

Öz

Tarihi yapılar geçmişin yaşayan aynaları olduklarından, onları korumak ve gelecek nesillere aktarmak çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 2015-2017 tarihleri arasında Alanya Kalesi duvarları üzerinde yayılış gösteren bitkiler belirlenerek, bu bitkilerin tarihi yapılara verdikleri zararlar ve bu zararları önlemek için alınması gereken tedbirler üzerinde durulmuştur. Alanya Kalesi duvarlarında 35 familyaya ait 5 eğrelti, bir açık tohumlu ve 88 kapalı tohumlu olmak üzere toplam 94 bitki taksonu belirlenmiştir. Conyza canadensis, Inula heterolepis, Phagnalon graecum, Arabis verna, Mercurialis annua, Fumaria parviflora, Cymbalaria microcalyx, Galium canum subsp. antalyense, Parietaria judaica, Hyoscyamus aureus, Poa bulbosa Alanya Kalesi duvarlarının dominant bitki türlerdir. Bu bitkilerin kale duvarları üzerine taşınım yolları ve bitkilerle mücadele yöntemleri detaylı şekilde tartışılmıştır. Tarihi yapılarda doğal olarak yetişen ve bu yapılara zarar veren bitkilerle mücadelede en etkili yöntemin mekanik mücadele olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alanya, biyoçeşitlilik, duvar florası, kentsel ekosistemler, mekanik mücadele

Kaynakça

• [1] Gürgen, S. (2015). Herkesi kendine hayran bırakan koylar. Denge Dergisi, 43(2), 45–52.
• [2] Alanya’nın Tarihi (2019). https://www.alanya.bel.tr/S/399/Tarihce (Accessed Date: 24.11.2019).
• [3] Akış, A. (2007). Alanya’da turizm ve turizmin Alanya ekonomisine etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 15–32.
• [4] Nedelcheva, A. (2011). Observations on the wall flora of Kyustendil (Bulgaria). EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 5, 80–90. Doi:10.5053/ejobios.2011.5.0.10.
• [5] Aksoy, A. & Çelik, J. (2014). Antalya’nın Tarihi Yapıları Üzerinde Bulunan Bitkiler ve Ekolojik Etkileri. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 7(2), 01–05.
• [6] Lisci, M. & Pacini, E. (1993). Plants Growing on the Walls of Italian Towns 1. Sites and Distribution. Phyton (Horn, Austria), 33 (1), 15–26.
• [7] Brishbeth, J. (1948). The flora of Cambridge walls. Journal of Ecology, 36(1), 136–148. Doi:10.2307/2256651.
• [8] Mishra, A.K., Jain, K.K. & Garg, K.L. (1995). Role of higher plants in the deterioration of historic buildings. Science of the Total Environment, 167, 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04597-T.
• [9] Krigas, N., Lagiou, E., Hanlidou, E. & Kokkini, S. (1999). The vascular flora of the byzantine walls of Thessaloniki (N Greece). Willdenowia, 29(1/2), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.29.2907.
• [10] Lisci, M., Monteb, M. & Pacini, E. (2003). Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 51, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00071-9.
• [11] Reis, V.A., Lombardi, J.A. & Figueiredo, R.A. (2006). Diversity of vascular plants growing on walls of a Brazilian city. Urban Ecosystems, 9, 39–43. Doi:10.1007/s11252-006-5528-1.
• [12] Jim, C.Y. & Chen, W.Y. (2010). Habitat effect on vegetation ecology and occurrence on urban Masonry walls. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.02.004.
• [13] Francis, R.A. & Lorimer, J. (2011). Urban reconciliation ecology: The potential of living roofs and walls. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 1429–1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.012.
• [14] Altay, V., Özyiğit, İ.İ. & Yarci, C. (2010). Urban ecological characteristics and vascular wall flora on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, Turkey. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology,4(3):483–495.
• [15] Osma, E., Altay, V., Özyiğit, İ.İ. & Serin, M. (2010). Urban Vascular Flora and Ecological Characteristics of Kadıköy District, Istanbul, Turkey. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1): 64–87.
• [16] Eskin, B., Altay, V., Özyiğit, İ.İ. & Serin, M. (2012). Urban vascular flora and ecologic characteristics of the Pendik District (Istanbul-Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(4): 629–646. Doi:10.5897/AJAR11.2188.
• [17] Yarcı, C. & Özçelik, H. (2002). Wall flora of Edirne (Thrace Region). Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 9(1): 57–66.
• [18] Gemici, Y., Seçmen, Ö. & Görk, G. (1995). Wall Vegetation of İzmir (Turkey). In Ozturk, M., Erdem, U. & Gork, G., (Eds.), Urban Ecology. İzmir, Turkey. Ege Univ. Press.
• [19] Elinç, Z.K., Korkut, T. & Kaya, L.G. (2013). Hedera helix L. and damages in Tlos Ancient City. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(1), 333–346.
• [20] Aksoy, A. & Çelik, A. (2000, July 5-7). Studies on the ecology of plants growing on the historical monuments of Kayseri, Türkiye. Proceedings of The Vth International Symposium, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
• [21] Korkanç, M. & Savran, A. (2015). Impact of the surface roughness of stones used in historical buildings on biodeterioration. Construction and Building Materials, 80, 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.073.
• [22] Özçelik, H. & Behçet, L. (1992). Flora of Van Castle and its anvirons. Journal of Faculty of Science Ege University Series B, 14(2), 469–63.
• [23] Ezer, T., Kara, R., Çakan, H. & Düzenli, A. (2008). Bryophytes on the archaeological site of Tilmen Hoyuk, Gaziantep (Turkey). International Journal of Botany, 4(3), 297–302. Doi:10.3923/ijb.2008.297.302.
• [24] Aslan, M. & Atamov, V. (2006). Flora and vegetation of stony walls in South-east Turkey (Şanlıurfa). Asian Journal of Plant Science, 5(1), 153–162. Doi:10.3923/ajps.2006.153.162.
• [25] Karahan, F., Çelik, O., Kayıkçı, S. & Altay, V. (2012). Eski Antakya Evleri (Antakya-Hatay) Duvarlarında Yayılış Gösteren Vasküler Bitkiler, Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2), 131–134.
• [26] Altay, V., Çelik, O. & Kayıkçı S. 2011. Hatay'ın vasküler duvar florası. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 18 (2), 131–144.
• [27] Kitiş, Y.E. & Onat, O. (2012). Weed species on some important historic buildings in Isparta Province and its environs. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(3), 333–341.
• [28] Tülek, B., & Atik, M. (2014). Walled towns as defensive cultural landscapes: a case study of Alanya–a walled town in Turkey. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 143, 231-242. Doi:10.2495/DSHF140201.
• [29] Terblanche, K., Nicci Diederichs, Douwes, E., Terblanche, C., Trafford Petterson, Boulle, J., Krissie Clark, & Lotter, W. (2013). General Invasive Alien Plant Control: Insight into best practice, removal methods, training & equipment. EThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2678.2246.
• [30] Yildiztugay, E., & Kücüködük, M. (2010). The flora of Anamur Antique City and its surroundings (Mersin/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 3(3), 46-63.
• [31] Altay, V., Karahan, F. & Ozturk, M. (2018, December 13-16). A study on evaluation of vascular wall flora in Turkey. Çukurova I. Uluslararası Multidisipliner Çalışmalar Kongresi, pp. 1080-1089, Adana.
• [32] Davis, P.H., (ed.) (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1-9. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh. University Press.
• [33] Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 10 (Suppl. 1). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
• [34] Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T. & Başer, K.H.C. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 11. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
• [35] Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• [36] Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z. & Adıgüzel, N. (2000). Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı. Ankara: Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği ve Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• [37] IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee.
• [38] Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (edlr.). (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
• [39] Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant Sociology: The Study of Plant Communities. New York and London: McGraw-Hill book company.
• [40] Crispim, C.A., Gaylarde, P.M. & Gaylarde, C.C. (2003). Algal and Cyanobacterial Biofilms on Calcareous Historic Buildings. Current Microbiology, 46,79–82. Doi:10.1007/s00284-002-3815-5.
• [41] Howe, H. F. & Smallwood, J. (1982). Ecology of Seed Dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 13(1), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001221.
• [42] Heleno, R.H., Ross, G., Everard, A.M.Y., Memmott, J. & Ramos, J.A. (2011). The Role of Avian Seed Predators as Seed Dispersers. Ibis, 153(1), 199–203. Doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01088.x