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Hierarchical Structure Analysis of Electricity Consumption Based on Alternative Energy Sources: A Comparative Assessment of 66 Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 10 - 19, 29.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.70500/bjs.1679895

Öz

Energy is of strategic importance in terms of economic growth, sustainable development, and environmental balance. The continuous increase in global energy demand necessitates the development of new policies for the use of energy resources. Traditional fossil fuel-based energy production does not offer a sustainable solution in the long term due to its environmental impacts and limited reserves. This situation is driving countries toward the more widespread use of renewable energy sources. Alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy support environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions and ensuring energy supply security. However, there are significant differences among countries in terms of their rates of alternative energy use, levels of economic development, energy policies, and infrastructure capabilities. This study aims to analyze the consumption of electricity generated from alternative energy sources using hierarchical structure methods. In the study, topological analysis was performed using minimal spanning tree (MST) and hierarchical tree (HT) methods, based on data on electricity consumption from alternative energy sources in 66 countries worldwide between 1990 and 2023. The reliability of the obtained networks was tested using the Bootstrap method. The findings indicate that developed countries lead in renewable energy use, while developing countries are increasingly investing in this area. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between countries' energy consumption patterns and their levels of economic development. In this context, the role of renewable energy sources in economic growth and environmental sustainability was emphasized, and it was concluded that energy policies must be effectively managed.

Etik Beyan

The author declares that this study complies with Research and Publication Ethics.

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Yozgat Bozok University

Proje Numarası

FGA-2025-1636

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the Scientific Research Project coded FGA-2025-1636. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Yozgat Bozok University for their financial and academic support.

Kaynakça

  • Başol, F. (2021). Advantages, risks and dangers of renewable energy sources (Master's Thesis). Çankaya University Institute of Science and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Balzannikov, M. (2017). Technical and economic viability of electric power plants on the basis of renewable energy resources regarding hierarchical structure. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 106, p. 06010). EDP Sciences. Doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201710606010.
  • Bekareva, S. V., Meltenisova, E. N., & Gsysa, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of the role of renewables consumption on economic growth of the US regions. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 160-171.
  • Bilgiç, S. (2019). Evaluation of renewable energy resources for energy sustainability with BWM method (Master's Thesis). Konya Technical University, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Cabreira, M. M. L., Silva, F. L. C., Cordeiro, J. S., Hernández, R. M. S., Rodrigues, P. C., & López-Gonzales, J. L. (2024). A hybrid approach for hierarchical forecasting of industrial electricity consumption in Brazil. Energies, 17(3200), 1-15. Doi: 10.3390/en17133200.
  • Cicea, C., Ciocoiu, C. N., & Marinescu, C. (2021). Exploring the Research Regarding Energy-Economic Growth Relationship. Energies, 14(9), 2661. Doi: 10.3390/en14092661 Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2022). Introduction to algorithms. MIT press.
  • Dudzevičiūtė, G. (2013). The research of the economic structural changes: Energy consumption aspect. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 2(4), 13-23. EIA, International, Electricity Comsumption, https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world. [Access Date: 07-May-2025].
  • Energy institute (EI), Resources and data, https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/resources-and-data-downloads. [Access Date: 07-May-2025].
  • Eyyüboğlu, K., Akdağ, S., Yildirim, H., & Alola, A. A. (2022). The causal trend of energy intensity and urbanization in emerging countries. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 15(3), 653-663. Doi: 10.1007/s12076-022-00317-5.
  • Gostkowski, M., Rokicki, T., Ochnio, L., Koszela, G., Wojtczuk, K., Ratajczak, M., ... & Bełdycka-Bórawska, A. (2021). Clustering analysis of energy consumption in the countries of the visegrad group. Energies, 14(18), 5612. Doi: 10.3390/en14185612.
  • Hu, Y., Peng, L., Li, X., Yao, X., Lin, H., & Chi, T. (2018). A novel evolution tree for analyzing the global energy consumption structure. Energy, 147, 1177-1187. Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.093.
  • Kantar, E., Aslan, A., Deviren, B., & Keskin, M. (2016). Hierarchical structure of the countries based on electricity consumption and economic growth. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 454, 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.01.075.
  • Kantar, E., & Keskin, M. (2013). The relationships between electricity consumption and GDP in Asian countries, using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 392(22), 5678-5684. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2013.07.029.
  • Kantar, E. (2015). Topological Analysis of Important Turkish Companies and Sectors with Export and Import Including Hierarchical Structure Methods (Doctoral Dissertation). Erciyes University Institute of Science and Technology, Kayseri, Türkiye.
  • Kasperowicz, R. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Poland. Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 46-57. Doi: 10.14254/20718330.2014/71/4.
  • Kim, Y. S. (2015). Electricity consumption and economic development: are countries converging to a common trend?. Energy Economics, 49, 192-202. Doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2015.02.001.
  • Kruskal, J.B. (1956) On the Shortest Spanning Subtree of a Graph and the Traveling Salesman Problem. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 7, 48-50. Doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078686-7.
  • Mendonça, A. K. S., Barni, G. A. C., Moro, M. F., Bornia, A. C., & Kupek, E. (2020). Hierarchical modeling of the 50 largest economies to verify the impact of GDP, population, and renewable energy generation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, 58-67. Doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.001.
  • Nicolli, F., & Vona, F. (2019). Energy market liberalization and renewable energy policies in OECD countries. Energy Policy, 128, 853-867. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.018.
  • Yao, C. Z., Lin, J. N., & Liu, X. F. (2016). A study of hierarchical structure on South China industrial electricity-consumption correlation. Physica A, 444, 129-145. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.06.072.
  • Zarghami, S. A. (2025). The role of economic policies in achieving sustainable development goal 7: Insights from OECD and European countries. Applied Energy, 377, 124558. Doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124558.
  • Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., & Yan, T. (2017). A hierarchical system for energy consumption monitoring and information management. In 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 449-454). IEEE. Doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2017.8282887.
  • Wang, S. (2022). Differences between energy consumption and regional economic growth under the energy environment. Energy Reports, 8, 10017-10024. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.065.
  • West, D. B. (2001). Introduction to graph theory (Vol. 2). Upper Saddle River: Prentice hall. World Banks Blog, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025. [Access Date: 07-May-2025]
  • World Bank List of Economies, https://training.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2023_World-Bank-Country_Classification_until-July-2023.xl. [Access Date: 07-May-2025]

Alternatif Enerji Kaynaklarına Dayalı Elektrik Tüketiminin Hiyerarşik Yapı Analizi: Karşılaştırmalı 66 Ülke Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 10 - 19, 29.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.70500/bjs.1679895

Öz

Enerji tüketimi sadece ekonomik büyüme üzerinde değil, aynı zamanda çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, sosyal refah ve küresel rekabet gücü üzerinde de belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Artan enerji talebi, sınırlı fosil kaynaklar ve iklim değişikliği baskıları ülkeleri daha temiz, yenilenebilir ve güvenli enerji çözümleri aramaya yöneltmektedir. Bu çerçevede güneş, rüzgar, hidroelektrik ve jeotermal enerji gibi alternatif enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı hem çevresel etkilerin azaltılması hem de enerji arz güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ancak bu dönüşüm süreci ülkelerin ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeylerine, altyapı olanaklarına ve politika tercihlerine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, alternatif enerji kaynaklarından elde edilen elektriğin ülkeler bazında tüketim kalıplarını hiyerarşik yapı yöntemleri ile analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına dayalı 66 ülkenin 1990-2023 yılları arasındaki elektrik tüketim verileri en az yayılan ağaç (LTS) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Korelasyon matrislerinden türetilen uzaklık matrisleri aracılığıyla oluşturulan ağ yapılarının güvenilirliği Bootstrap yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Analizlerin sonuçları, yüksek gelirli ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji kullanımında lider olduğunu, düşük ve orta gelirli ülkelerin ise altyapı ve finansal kısıtlar nedeniyle bu dönüşümde daha yavaş kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, enerji tüketim kalıpları ile ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyi arasında güçlü yapısal korelasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, ülkelerin enerji politikalarının sadece çevresel değil aynı zamanda ekonomik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik hedefleriyle de bütünleştirilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, hiyerarşik modelleme yaklaşımlarının enerji politikalarının belirlenmesinde karar vericilere önemli katkılar sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Yazar, bu çalışmanın Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uygun olduğunu beyan eder.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Proje Numarası

FGA-2025-1636

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma FGA-2025-1636 kodlu Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar, Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi'ne finansal ve akademik desteklerinden dolayı teşekkürlerini sunarlar.

Kaynakça

  • Başol, F. (2021). Advantages, risks and dangers of renewable energy sources (Master's Thesis). Çankaya University Institute of Science and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Balzannikov, M. (2017). Technical and economic viability of electric power plants on the basis of renewable energy resources regarding hierarchical structure. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 106, p. 06010). EDP Sciences. Doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201710606010.
  • Bekareva, S. V., Meltenisova, E. N., & Gsysa, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of the role of renewables consumption on economic growth of the US regions. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2), 160-171.
  • Bilgiç, S. (2019). Evaluation of renewable energy resources for energy sustainability with BWM method (Master's Thesis). Konya Technical University, Konya, Türkiye.
  • Cabreira, M. M. L., Silva, F. L. C., Cordeiro, J. S., Hernández, R. M. S., Rodrigues, P. C., & López-Gonzales, J. L. (2024). A hybrid approach for hierarchical forecasting of industrial electricity consumption in Brazil. Energies, 17(3200), 1-15. Doi: 10.3390/en17133200.
  • Cicea, C., Ciocoiu, C. N., & Marinescu, C. (2021). Exploring the Research Regarding Energy-Economic Growth Relationship. Energies, 14(9), 2661. Doi: 10.3390/en14092661 Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2022). Introduction to algorithms. MIT press.
  • Dudzevičiūtė, G. (2013). The research of the economic structural changes: Energy consumption aspect. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 2(4), 13-23. EIA, International, Electricity Comsumption, https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world. [Access Date: 07-May-2025].
  • Energy institute (EI), Resources and data, https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/resources-and-data-downloads. [Access Date: 07-May-2025].
  • Eyyüboğlu, K., Akdağ, S., Yildirim, H., & Alola, A. A. (2022). The causal trend of energy intensity and urbanization in emerging countries. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 15(3), 653-663. Doi: 10.1007/s12076-022-00317-5.
  • Gostkowski, M., Rokicki, T., Ochnio, L., Koszela, G., Wojtczuk, K., Ratajczak, M., ... & Bełdycka-Bórawska, A. (2021). Clustering analysis of energy consumption in the countries of the visegrad group. Energies, 14(18), 5612. Doi: 10.3390/en14185612.
  • Hu, Y., Peng, L., Li, X., Yao, X., Lin, H., & Chi, T. (2018). A novel evolution tree for analyzing the global energy consumption structure. Energy, 147, 1177-1187. Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.093.
  • Kantar, E., Aslan, A., Deviren, B., & Keskin, M. (2016). Hierarchical structure of the countries based on electricity consumption and economic growth. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 454, 1-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.01.075.
  • Kantar, E., & Keskin, M. (2013). The relationships between electricity consumption and GDP in Asian countries, using hierarchical structure methods. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 392(22), 5678-5684. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2013.07.029.
  • Kantar, E. (2015). Topological Analysis of Important Turkish Companies and Sectors with Export and Import Including Hierarchical Structure Methods (Doctoral Dissertation). Erciyes University Institute of Science and Technology, Kayseri, Türkiye.
  • Kasperowicz, R. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Poland. Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 46-57. Doi: 10.14254/20718330.2014/71/4.
  • Kim, Y. S. (2015). Electricity consumption and economic development: are countries converging to a common trend?. Energy Economics, 49, 192-202. Doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2015.02.001.
  • Kruskal, J.B. (1956) On the Shortest Spanning Subtree of a Graph and the Traveling Salesman Problem. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 7, 48-50. Doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078686-7.
  • Mendonça, A. K. S., Barni, G. A. C., Moro, M. F., Bornia, A. C., & Kupek, E. (2020). Hierarchical modeling of the 50 largest economies to verify the impact of GDP, population, and renewable energy generation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, 58-67. Doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.001.
  • Nicolli, F., & Vona, F. (2019). Energy market liberalization and renewable energy policies in OECD countries. Energy Policy, 128, 853-867. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.018.
  • Yao, C. Z., Lin, J. N., & Liu, X. F. (2016). A study of hierarchical structure on South China industrial electricity-consumption correlation. Physica A, 444, 129-145. Doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.06.072.
  • Zarghami, S. A. (2025). The role of economic policies in achieving sustainable development goal 7: Insights from OECD and European countries. Applied Energy, 377, 124558. Doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124558.
  • Zhou, Y., Wu, Q., & Yan, T. (2017). A hierarchical system for energy consumption monitoring and information management. In 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 449-454). IEEE. Doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2017.8282887.
  • Wang, S. (2022). Differences between energy consumption and regional economic growth under the energy environment. Energy Reports, 8, 10017-10024. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.065.
  • West, D. B. (2001). Introduction to graph theory (Vol. 2). Upper Saddle River: Prentice hall. World Banks Blog, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025. [Access Date: 07-May-2025]
  • World Bank List of Economies, https://training.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2023_World-Bank-Country_Classification_until-July-2023.xl. [Access Date: 07-May-2025]
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Genel Fizik
Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Nevfel Yunus Coskun 0000-0002-0464-3818

Ersin Kantar 0000-0001-9302-1078

Proje Numarası FGA-2025-1636
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

IEEE N. Y. Coskun ve E. Kantar, “Hierarchical Structure Analysis of Electricity Consumption Based on Alternative Energy Sources: A Comparative Assessment of 66 Countries”, BJS, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 10–19, 2025, doi: 10.70500/bjs.1679895.