Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Adenosine Deaminase over the Alopecic Area of the Patients with Alopecia Areata

Abstract

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune, T-cell mediated, and chronic inflammatory disorder. The pathological mechanisms of disease are unclear, but oxidative stress may be involved. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the oxidative stress levels or biomarkers within the lesional area and skin surface in patients with AA. Similarly, adenosine deaminase (ADA) has not been characterized in AA. Aims: Therefore, we aimed to define ADA levels and the factors involved in oxidative stress from scalp-scrapes of patients with AA. Study Design: Case-control study. Method: A total of 60 patients (30 diagnosed AA patients and 30 healthy controls) were included in the study. ADA as well as oxidative stress factors, including malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were analyzed from scalp-scrapes in both groups and quantified by spectrophotometry. Results: Activities of SOD (p=0.000), CAT (p=0.033), and ADA (p=0.004) as well as levels of GSH (p=0.000) and MDA (p=0.032) in patients with AA were higher than the controls statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on these results, factors associated with oxidative stress were elevated in AA patient scalp-scrapes compared to controls and may have a defined role the disease pathogenesis.  Alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes from AA patient scraping samples may be a local effect of elevated oxidative stress levels. In this disease, oxidative stress may affect not only hair follicle but also any layers of the skin.

Keywords

• Adenosine deaminase, alopecia areata, antioxidant, oxidative stress

Kaynakça

1. 1. Madani S, Shapiro J. Alopecia areata update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:549-66. [CrossRef]
2. 2. Cotsarelis G, Botchkarev V: Disorders of the hair and nails. In: Wolf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ (eds): Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology General Medicine. 7rd edn. New York: McGraw- Hill Companies, 2008 pp. 739-96
3. 3. Güleç AT, Tanriverdi N, Dürü C, Saray Y, Akçali C. The role of psychological factors in alopecia areata and the impact of the disease on the quality of life. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:352-6. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Löntz W, Sirsjö A, Liu W, Lindberg M, Rollman O, Törmä H. Increased mRNA expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in psoriasis skin lesions and in cultured human keratinocytes exposed to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;18:349-55. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Thérond P, Gerbaud P, Dimon S, Anderson WB, Evain-Broin D, Raynaud F. Antioxidant enzymes in psoriatic fibroblasts and erythrocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:1325-8. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Niwa Y, Kanoh T, Sakane T, Soh H, Kawai S, Miyachi Y. Detection of enhanced lipid peroxide levels in patients with inflammatory skin diseases. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1987;2:245-51. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Emerit I. Free radicals and aging of the skin. EXS 1992;62:328- 41. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Miyachi Y. Photoaging from an oxidative standpoint. J Dermatol Sci 1995;9:79-86. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Sies H. Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am J Med 1991;1:31-8. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Abdel Fattah NSA, Ebrahim AA, El Okda ES. Lipid peroxidation/antioxidant activity in patients with alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:403-8. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Desrosiers MD, Cembrola KM, Fakir MJ, Stephens LA, Jama FM, Shameli A, et al. Adenosine deamination sustains dendritic cell activation in inflammation. J Immunol 2007;179;1884-92. [CrossRef]
12. 12. Naziroglu M, Kokcam I. Antioxidants and lipid peroxidation status in the blood of patients with alopecia. Cell Biochem Funct 2000;18:169-73. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Akar A, Arca E, Erbil H, Akay C, Sayal A, Gür AR. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the scalp of patients with alopecia. J Dermatol Sci 2002;29:85-90. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Koca R, Armutcu F, Altinyazar CH, Gurel A. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation, oxidant⁄antioxidant status, and serum nitric oxide levels in alopecia areata. Med Sci Monit 2005;11:296-9.
15. 15. Kim SW, Kim BJ, Youn SW, Park KC, Huh CH. Evaluation of free oxygen radical and antioxidant capacity in alopecia areata. J Dermatol 2010;37:762-4. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randal RJ. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265- 75.
17. 17. Beutler E. Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods, 3rd ed. Grune and Stratton Inc: New York, 1984.
18. 18. Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1974;41:35-97. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Tagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351-8. [CrossRef]
20. 20. Latha B, Babu M. The involvement of free radicals in burn injury: a review. Burns 2001;27:309-17. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Hovi T, Smyth JF, Allison AC, Williams SC. Role of adenosine deaminase in lymphocyte proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol 1976;23:395-403.
22. 22. Terasaki PI, Mottironi VD, Barnett EV. Cytotoxins in disease: Autocytotoxins in lupus. N Eng J Med 1970;283:724-8. [CrossRef]
23. 23. Hitoglou S, Hatzistilianou M, Gougoustamou D, Athanassiadou F, Kotsis A, Catriu D. Adenosine deaminase activity and its isoenzyme pattern in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2001;20:411-6. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Navarro R, Daudén E, Gallo E, Santiago Sánchez-Mateos D, García-Diez A. Alopecia Areata during Treatment of Psoriasis with Adalimumab and Leflunomide: A Case and Review of the Literature. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;25:107-10. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Javanbakht MH, Djalali M, Daneshpazhooh M, Zarei M, Eshraghian MR, Derakhshanian H, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity in patients with newly diagnosed pemphigus vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015;40:313-7. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Bekpinar S, Kiliç N, Unlüçerçi Y, Akdag-Köse A, Azizlerli G, Ozbek-Kir Z. Evaluation of nitrosative and oxidative stress in Behçet disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:167-71. [CrossRef]