Diastolic Electrocardiographic Parameters Predict Implantable Device Detected Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation

Abstract

Background: Atrial fibrillation is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia. It is now established that atrial high-rate episodes are highly correlated with atrial fibrillation. Aims: To investigate the relation between diastolic electrocardiographic parameters and subclinical atrial fibrillation detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices. Study Design: Ccross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 203 patients who had a dual-chamber, rate-modulated pacing pacemaker implanted due to sinus node dysfunction were prospectively enrolled in this study. Atrial high-rate episodes were defined as any lasting more than 5 min with an atrial rate of ≥220 beats per minute during the previous year. Patient groups were categorized on the basis of pacemaker interrogation as the absence of atrial high-rate episodes [atrial high-rate episodes (-)] and the presence of atrial high-rate episodes [atrial high-rate episodes (+)]. Episodes related to atrial over sensing were excluded. Twelve-lead surface electrocardiography was independently analyzed by two experienced readers for the measurement of diastolic electrocardiography parameters. Results: Among 203 patients (mean age: 67.5±9.1, 60.1% male), 51 (25.1%) with atrial high-rate episodes were defined as group 1 and 152 (74.9%) without atrial high-rate episodes were defined as group 2. Both groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. Tend-Q and Tend-P were significantly longer in group 2. PQ interval was statistically longer in group 1. Corrected QT interval was significantly longer in group 1. Diastolic electrocardiography index, heart rate and PQ and QT intervals were the only independent predictors of atrial high-rate episodes in patients with dual pacemakers in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Abnormal diastolic electrocardiography parameters are powerful predisposing factors for the initiation of incident atrial fibrillation. Diastolic electrocardiography parameters and a novel diastolic index predict atrial high-rate episodes. Evaluating these parameters enables clinicians to identify patients who are at high risk and who may benefit from prophylactic treatment.

Keywords

• Femoral neck fractures, biomechanics, finite element analysis

Kaynakça

1. 1. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:399- 410.
2. 2. Khairallah F, Ezzedine R, Ganz LI, London B, Saba S. Epidemiology and determinants of outcome of admissions for atrial fibrillation in the United States from 1996 to 2001. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:500-4.
3. 3. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1561-4.
4. 4. Liao J, Khalid Z, Scallan C, Morillo C, O'Donnell M. Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 2007;38:2935-40.
5. 5. Fauchier L, Briand F, Soto FX, Quennelle F, Lévy J, Darmon JP, et al. Management of atrial tachyarrhythmias: benefits of pacemaker diagnostics. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26:233-8.
6. 6. Glotzer TV, Hellkamp AS, Zimmerman J, Sweeney MO, Yee R, Marinchak R, et al. Atrial high rate episodes detected by pacemaker diagnostics predict death and stroke: report of the Atrial Diagnostics Ancillary Study of the MOde Selection Trial (MOST). Circulation 2003;107:1614-9.
7. 7. Glotzer TV, Daoud EG, Wyse DG, Singer DE, Ezekowitz MD, Hilker C, et al. The relationship between daily atrial tachyarrhythmia burden from implantable device diagnostics and stroke risk: the TRENDS study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009;2:474-80.
8. 8. Daoud EG, Glotzer TV, Wyse DG, Ezekowitz MD, Hilker C, Koehler J, et al. Temporal relationship of atrial tachyarrhythmias, cerebrovascular events, and systemic emboli based on stored device data: a subgroup analysis of TRENDS. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1416-23.

9. 9. Vasan RS, Levy D. The role of hypertension in the pathogenesis of heart failure. A clinical mechanistic overview. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1789- 96.
10. 10. Tedrow UB, Conen D, Ridker PM, Cook NR, Koplan BA, Manson JE, et al. The long- and short-term impact of elevated body mass index on the risk of new atrial fibrillation the WHS (women's health study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2319-27.
11. 11. Patil VC, Patil HV, Shah KB, Vasani JD, Shetty P. Diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus with normal systolic function. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2011;2:213-22.
12. 12. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Levy D, Galderisi M, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, et al. Doppler transmitral flow indexes and risk of atrial fibrillation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1079-83.
13. 13. Nagueh SF,Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:107- 33.
14. 14. Engel G, Beckerman JG, Froelicher VF, Yamazaki T, Chen HA, Richardson K, et al. Electrocardiographic arrhythmia risk testing. Curr Probl Cardiol 2004;29:365-432.
15. 15. Namdar M, Biaggi P, Stähli B, Bütler B, Casado-Arroyo R, Ricciardi D, et al. A novel electrocardiographic index for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. PLoS One 2013;8:e79152.
16. 16. Chiladakis J, Kalogeropoulos A, Arvanitis P, Koutsogiannis N, Zagli F, Alexopoulos D. Heart rate-dependence of QTc intervals assessed by different correction methods in patients with normal or prolonged repolarization. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:553-60.
17. 17. Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, et al. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 2012;366:120-9.
18. 18. Gillis AM, Morck M. Atrial fibrillation after DDDR pacemaker implantation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:542-7.
19. 19. Defaye P, Dournaux F, Mouton E. Prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias from the automated analysis of data stored in the DDD pacemakers of 617 patients: the AIDA study. The AIDA Multicenter Study Group. Automatic Interpretation for Diagnosis Assistance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:250-5.
20. 20. Glotzer TV, Hellkamp AS, Zimmerman J, Sweeney MO, Yee R, Marinchak R, et al. Atrial high rate episodes detected by pacemaker diagnostics predict death and stroke: report of the Atrial Diagnostics Ancillary Study of the MOde Selection Trial (MOST). Circulation 2003;107:1614-9.
21. 21. Jons C, Joergensen RM, Hassager C, Gang UJ, Dixen U, Johannesen A, et al. Diastolic dysfunction predicts new-onset atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction and depressed left ventricular systolic function: a CARISMA substudy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:602-7.
22. 22. FromAM, Scott CG, Chen HH. The development of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus and pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction a populationbased study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:300-5.
23. 23. Kalifa J, Jalife J, Zaitsev AV, Bagwe S, Warren M, Moreno J, et al. Intra-atrial pressure increases rate and organization of waves emanating from the superior pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:668-71.
24. 24. Bombardini T, Gemignani V, Bianchini E, Venneri L, Petersen C, Pasanisi E, et al. Diastolic time - frequency relation in the stress echo lab: filling timing and flow at different heart rates. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008;6:15.
25. 25. Freedman RA, Yock PG, Echt DS, Popp RL. Effect of variation in PQ interval on patterns of atrioventricular valve motion and flow in patients with normal ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:595-602.
26. 26. Wilcox JE, Rosenberg J, Vallakati A, Gheorghiade M, Shah SJ. Usefulness of electrocardiographic QT interval to predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2011;108:1760-6.