BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Postpartum Depression Frequency and Quality of Life Among a Group of Mothers Having a Child Aged 2 Weeks-18 Months

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 2011 Sayı: 4, 385 - 393, 01.04.2011

Elif Durukan Mustafa N. İlhan Mehmet Ali Bumin Sefer Aycan

https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3

Öz

Objective: The aim was to determine the frequency of postpartum depression (PPD), its correlates and the effect on the quality of life. Material and Methods: This study was conducted among 708 mothers having a child aged 2 weeks-18 months. A questionnaire on descriptive features and PPD risk factors; Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and WHOQOL-BREF quality of life scale were used for the data collection. Results: The rate of PPD frequency was 15%. The gestational age, mental problems and anxiety during pregnancy, emotional changes in the premenstrual period, past depression/PPD history, depression/PPD history in the family, satisfaction with the marriage, thinking that the baby affected the marriage adversely were the factors related with PPD. The quality of life was lower in women with PPD than those without PPD. Conclusion: The frequency of PPD is quite high and PPD is decreasing the quality of life of the mother. Turkish Başlık: 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğum sonrası, depresyon, yaşam kalitesi Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı postpartum depresyon (PPD) sıklığı, ilişkili faktörler ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma 2 hafta-18 aylık bebeği olan 708 anne üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada veri kaynağı olarak annenin tanımlayıcı özellikleri ve postpartum depresyon için risk faktörlerine yönelik anket formu; Eddinburgh Postpartum Depresyon Ölçeği (EPDÖ) ve WHOQOLBREF Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: PPD sıklığı %15'dir. Gestasyonel yaş, gebelikte ruhsal sorun, huzursuzluk endişe yaşamış olmak, premenstrüel duygu durum değişiklikleri yaşamak, ailede depresyon/PPD öyküsü, geçirilmiş depresyon/ PPD öyküsü, evlilikten memnuniyet durumu, bebeğinin evliliğini olumsuz etkilediğini düşünmek PPD ile ilişkili faktörlerdir. Postpartum depresyon saptanan annelerin yaşam kalitesi postpartum depresyonu olmayanlardan daha kötüdür (p<0.05). Sonuç: PPD oldukça yüksek sıklığa sahiptir ve annenin yaşam kalitesini düşürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Postpartum depression quality of life

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Prevention of mental disorders: ef- fective interventions and policy options: a summary report. Ge- neva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from:http:// www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_men- tal_disorders_sr.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, World Health Organization. Prevention and promotion in mental health. In: Mental health: evidence and research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. p. 14-28.
  • World Health Organization. The world health report 2004: Changing history.available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ whr/2004/924156265X.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • World Health Organization. Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: a summary report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/evidence/en/promoting_mhh.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • Moses-Kolko EL, Roth EK. Antepartum And Postpartum Depres- sion: Healthy Mom, Healthy Baby. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2004;59:181-91.
  • Stocky A, Lynch J. Acute psychiatric disturbance in pregnancy and puerperium. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000;14:73-87. [CrossRef]
  • Hobfoll SE, Ritter C, Lavin J, Hulsizer MR, Cameron RP. Depres- sion prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:445-53. [CrossRef]
  • Baker D, North K. Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Soc Sci Med 1999;49:121-31. [CrossRef]
  • Bernazzani O, Bifulco A. Motherhood as a vulnerability factor in major depression: the role of negative pregnancy experiences. Soc Sci Med 2003;56:1249-60. [CrossRef]
  • Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005;8:141-53. [CrossRef]
  • Dennis CL, Ross LE. The clinical utility of maternal self-reported personal and familial psychiatric history in identifying women at risk for postpartum depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:1179-85. [CrossRef]
  • Manfredi G, Lazanio S, Kotzalidis GD, Ruberto A, Girardi P, Ta- tarelli R. Postpartum depression without delivering a child? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;112:233-7. [CrossRef]
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Man- ual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision .Washing- ton, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Parry BL, Haynes P. Mood disorders and the reproductive cycle. J Gend Specif Med 2000;3:53-8.
  • Declercq ER, Scala C, Corry MP, Applebaum S, Risher P. Listening to mothers: Report of the first national U.S. survey of women’s childbearing experiences. New York: Maternity Center Associa- tion; 2002. Available from: http://www.maternitywise.org/ listen- ingtomothers (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2006).
  • Cooper P.J, Murray L. Postpartum depression. Br Med J 1998;316:1884-6. [CrossRef]
  • Inandı T, Buğdaycı R, Dündar P, Sümer H, Şaşmaz T. Risk factors for depression in the first postnatal year. A Turkish study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:725-30. [CrossRef]
  • Akman C, Uguz F, Kaya N. Postpartum-onset major depres- sion is associated with personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:343-7. [CrossRef]
  • Danaci AE, Dinç G, Deveci A, Şen FS, İçelli İ. Postnatal depression in Turkey: epidemiological and cultural aspects. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2002;37:125-9. [CrossRef]
  • Kara B, Ünalan P, Çifçili S, Cebeci DS, Sarper N. Is There a Role for the Family and Close Community to Help Reduce the Risk of Postpartum Depression in New Mothers? A Cross-Sectional Study of Turkish Women. Matern Child Health J 2008;12:155-61. [CrossRef]
  • Atasoy N, Bayar Ü, Sade H, Konuk N, Atik L, Barut A, Tanrıverdi A, Kaya E. Clinical and sociodemographic risk factors effecting level of postpartum depressive symptoms during postpartum pe- riod. Türkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst, 2004;14:252-7.
  • İnandı T, Elçi OÇ, Öztürk A, Eğri M, Polat A, Şahin TK. Risk Fac- tors for depression in postnatal first year, in Eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:1201-7. [CrossRef]
  • Nur N, Çetinkaya S, Bakır DA, Demirel Y. Prevalence of Postnatal Depression and Risk Factors in Women in Sivas City. Cumhuriyet Tıp Derg 2004;26:55-9.
  • Ayvaz S, Hocaoğlu Ç, Tiryaki A, Ak İ. Incidence of postpartum depression in Trabzon province and risk factors at gestation. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006;17:243-51.
  • Sabuncuoğlu O, Berkem M. Relationship Between Attachment Style and Depressive Symptoms in Postpartum Women: Findings from Turkey. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006;17:252-8.
  • Danacı EA, Dinç G, Deveci A, Sen FS, İçelli İ. The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression in Manisa Province and Influencing Fac- tors. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2000;11:204-11.
  • Buğdaycı R, Şaşmaz CT, Tezcan H. A cross-sectional prevalence study of depression at various times after delivery in Mersin prov- ince in Turkey. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:63-8. [CrossRef]
  • Yalçınkaya Alkar Ö, Gençöz T. Critical factors associated with early postpartum depression among Turkish women. Contemp Fam Ther 2005;27:263-75. [CrossRef]
  • Bodur S, Özdemir S, Ayvaz K. Risk Factors for Postpartum De- pression in a Group of Teenage Mothers. Türkiye Klinikleri J Gy- necol Obst 2010;20:22-8.
  • Hipwell AE, Goossens FA, Melhuish EC, Kumar R. Severe mater- nal psychopathology and infant -mother attachment. Dev Psy- chopathol 2000;12:157-75. [CrossRef]
  • Murray L, Cooper P, Hipwell A. Mental health of parents caring for infants. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003;6:71-7. [CrossRef]
  • Da Costa D, Dritsa M, Rippen N, Lowensteyn I, Khalifé S. Health- related quality of life in postpartum depressed women. Arch Wo- mens Ment Health 2006;9:95-102. [CrossRef]
  • Boyce PM, Johnstone SJ, Hickey AR, Morris Yates AD, Harris MG, Strachan T. Functioning and well-being at 24 weeks postpartum of women with postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2000;3:91-7. [CrossRef]
  • Dennis CL. Influence of depressive symptomatology on maternal health service utilization and general health. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004;7:183-91. [CrossRef]
  • Mckee MD, Cunnıngham M, Jankowskı RBK, Zayas L. Health-Re- lated Functional Status in Pregnancy: Relationship to Depression and Social Support in a Multi-Ethnic Population. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:988-93. [CrossRef]
  • Rojas G, Fritsch R, Solís J, González M, Guajardo V, Araya R. Quality of life of women depressed in the post-partum period. Rev Med Chil 2006;134:713-20.
  • World Health Organization. WHOQOL Measuring Quality Of Life, Programme On Mental Health- Division Of Menthal Health And Prevention Of Substance Abuse, Geneva: World Health Or- ganization: 1997.
  • Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. De- pression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:808-9. [CrossRef]
  • Adewuya AO. The maternity blues in Western Nigerian women: Prevalence and risk factors. Am J Obstetet Gynecol 2005;193: 1522-5. [CrossRef]
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of Postnatal depres- sion: Development of the 10 item Edinburgh Postnatal Depres- sion scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987:150;782-6. [CrossRef]
  • World Health Organization.WHOQOL-BREF Introduction, Adminis- trion, Scoring And Generic Version Of The Assesment, Programme On Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
  • Josefsson A, Angelsiöö L, Berg G, Ekström CM, Gunnervik C, Nordin C, et al. Obstetric, somatic and demographic risk fac- tors for postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:223-8. [CrossRef]
  • Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, et al. Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1856-63. [CrossRef]
  • Séguin L, Potvin L, St-Denis M, Loiselle J. Depressive symptoms in the late postnatal among low socioeconomic status women. Birth 1999;26:157-63. [CrossRef]
  • Goldbort J. Transcultural analysis of postparum depression. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2006;31:121-6. [CrossRef]
  • Berlim MT, Flack PAM. Qulity of life in major depression. In: Qual- ity of life Impairement in Schizophrenia, Mood and anxiety disor- ders. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007. p. 241-52. [CrossRef]
  • Righetti-Veltema M, Conne-Perreard E, Bousquet A, Manzano J. Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. J Af- fect Disord 1998;49:167-80. [CrossRef]
  • Berlim MT, Mattevi BS, Fleck MP. Depression and quality of life among depressed Brazilian outpatients. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:254. [CrossRef]
  • Kennedy SH, Eisfeld BS, Cooke RG. Quality of life: an important dimension in assessing the treatment of depression? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:23-8.
  • Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Mahal Y, Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Fava M. Quality of life assessments in major depressive disor- der: a review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26:13-7. [CrossRef]
  • Rapaport MH, Clary C, Fayyad R, Endicott J. Quality-of-life im- pairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1171-8. [CrossRef]
  • Şahin EM, Kılıçaslan S. Son trimester gebelerin depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri ile bunları etkileyen etmenler. Trakya Univ Tıp Fak Derg 2010;27:51-8.
  • Haas JS, Jackson RA, Fuentes-Afflick E, Stewart AL, Dean ML, Brawarsky P, et al. Changes in the health status of women during and after pregnancy. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:45-51. [CrossRef]

2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 2011 Sayı: 4, 385 - 393, 01.04.2011

Elif Durukan Mustafa N. İlhan Mehmet Ali Bumin Sefer Aycan

https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı postpartum depresyon (PPD) sıklığı, ilişkili faktörler ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma 2 hafta-18 aylık bebeği olan 708 anne üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada veri kaynağı olarak annenin tanımlayıcı özellikleri ve postpartum depresyon için risk faktörlerine yönelik anket formu; Eddinburgh Postpartum Depresyon Ölçeği (EPDÖ) ve WHOQOLBREF Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: PPD sıklığı %15'dir. Gestasyonel yaş, gebelikte ruhsal sorun, huzursuzluk endişe yaşamış olmak, premenstrüel duygu durum değişiklikleri yaşamak, ailede depresyon/PPD öyküsü, geçirilmiş depresyon/ PPD öyküsü, evlilikten memnuniyet durumu, bebeğinin evliliğini olumsuz etkilediğini düşünmek PPD ile ilişkili faktörlerdir. Postpartum depresyon saptanan annelerin yaşam kalitesi postpartum depresyonu olmayanlardan daha kötüdür (p < 0.05). Sonuç: PPD oldukça yüksek sıklığa sahiptir ve annenin yaşam kalitesini düşürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğum sonrası depresyon yaşam kalitesi

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Prevention of mental disorders: ef- fective interventions and policy options: a summary report. Ge- neva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from:http:// www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_men- tal_disorders_sr.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, World Health Organization. Prevention and promotion in mental health. In: Mental health: evidence and research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. p. 14-28.
  • World Health Organization. The world health report 2004: Changing history.available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ whr/2004/924156265X.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • World Health Organization. Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: a summary report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/evidence/en/promoting_mhh.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.01.2006).
  • Moses-Kolko EL, Roth EK. Antepartum And Postpartum Depres- sion: Healthy Mom, Healthy Baby. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2004;59:181-91.
  • Stocky A, Lynch J. Acute psychiatric disturbance in pregnancy and puerperium. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000;14:73-87. [CrossRef]
  • Hobfoll SE, Ritter C, Lavin J, Hulsizer MR, Cameron RP. Depres- sion prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:445-53. [CrossRef]
  • Baker D, North K. Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Soc Sci Med 1999;49:121-31. [CrossRef]
  • Bernazzani O, Bifulco A. Motherhood as a vulnerability factor in major depression: the role of negative pregnancy experiences. Soc Sci Med 2003;56:1249-60. [CrossRef]
  • Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005;8:141-53. [CrossRef]
  • Dennis CL, Ross LE. The clinical utility of maternal self-reported personal and familial psychiatric history in identifying women at risk for postpartum depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:1179-85. [CrossRef]
  • Manfredi G, Lazanio S, Kotzalidis GD, Ruberto A, Girardi P, Ta- tarelli R. Postpartum depression without delivering a child? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;112:233-7. [CrossRef]
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Man- ual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision .Washing- ton, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Parry BL, Haynes P. Mood disorders and the reproductive cycle. J Gend Specif Med 2000;3:53-8.
  • Declercq ER, Scala C, Corry MP, Applebaum S, Risher P. Listening to mothers: Report of the first national U.S. survey of women’s childbearing experiences. New York: Maternity Center Associa- tion; 2002. Available from: http://www.maternitywise.org/ listen- ingtomothers (erişim tarihi: 08.01.2006).
  • Cooper P.J, Murray L. Postpartum depression. Br Med J 1998;316:1884-6. [CrossRef]
  • Inandı T, Buğdaycı R, Dündar P, Sümer H, Şaşmaz T. Risk factors for depression in the first postnatal year. A Turkish study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:725-30. [CrossRef]
  • Akman C, Uguz F, Kaya N. Postpartum-onset major depres- sion is associated with personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:343-7. [CrossRef]
  • Danaci AE, Dinç G, Deveci A, Şen FS, İçelli İ. Postnatal depression in Turkey: epidemiological and cultural aspects. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2002;37:125-9. [CrossRef]
  • Kara B, Ünalan P, Çifçili S, Cebeci DS, Sarper N. Is There a Role for the Family and Close Community to Help Reduce the Risk of Postpartum Depression in New Mothers? A Cross-Sectional Study of Turkish Women. Matern Child Health J 2008;12:155-61. [CrossRef]
  • Atasoy N, Bayar Ü, Sade H, Konuk N, Atik L, Barut A, Tanrıverdi A, Kaya E. Clinical and sociodemographic risk factors effecting level of postpartum depressive symptoms during postpartum pe- riod. Türkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst, 2004;14:252-7.
  • İnandı T, Elçi OÇ, Öztürk A, Eğri M, Polat A, Şahin TK. Risk Fac- tors for depression in postnatal first year, in Eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:1201-7. [CrossRef]
  • Nur N, Çetinkaya S, Bakır DA, Demirel Y. Prevalence of Postnatal Depression and Risk Factors in Women in Sivas City. Cumhuriyet Tıp Derg 2004;26:55-9.
  • Ayvaz S, Hocaoğlu Ç, Tiryaki A, Ak İ. Incidence of postpartum depression in Trabzon province and risk factors at gestation. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006;17:243-51.
  • Sabuncuoğlu O, Berkem M. Relationship Between Attachment Style and Depressive Symptoms in Postpartum Women: Findings from Turkey. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006;17:252-8.
  • Danacı EA, Dinç G, Deveci A, Sen FS, İçelli İ. The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression in Manisa Province and Influencing Fac- tors. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2000;11:204-11.
  • Buğdaycı R, Şaşmaz CT, Tezcan H. A cross-sectional prevalence study of depression at various times after delivery in Mersin prov- ince in Turkey. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:63-8. [CrossRef]
  • Yalçınkaya Alkar Ö, Gençöz T. Critical factors associated with early postpartum depression among Turkish women. Contemp Fam Ther 2005;27:263-75. [CrossRef]
  • Bodur S, Özdemir S, Ayvaz K. Risk Factors for Postpartum De- pression in a Group of Teenage Mothers. Türkiye Klinikleri J Gy- necol Obst 2010;20:22-8.
  • Hipwell AE, Goossens FA, Melhuish EC, Kumar R. Severe mater- nal psychopathology and infant -mother attachment. Dev Psy- chopathol 2000;12:157-75. [CrossRef]
  • Murray L, Cooper P, Hipwell A. Mental health of parents caring for infants. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003;6:71-7. [CrossRef]
  • Da Costa D, Dritsa M, Rippen N, Lowensteyn I, Khalifé S. Health- related quality of life in postpartum depressed women. Arch Wo- mens Ment Health 2006;9:95-102. [CrossRef]
  • Boyce PM, Johnstone SJ, Hickey AR, Morris Yates AD, Harris MG, Strachan T. Functioning and well-being at 24 weeks postpartum of women with postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2000;3:91-7. [CrossRef]
  • Dennis CL. Influence of depressive symptomatology on maternal health service utilization and general health. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004;7:183-91. [CrossRef]
  • Mckee MD, Cunnıngham M, Jankowskı RBK, Zayas L. Health-Re- lated Functional Status in Pregnancy: Relationship to Depression and Social Support in a Multi-Ethnic Population. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:988-93. [CrossRef]
  • Rojas G, Fritsch R, Solís J, González M, Guajardo V, Araya R. Quality of life of women depressed in the post-partum period. Rev Med Chil 2006;134:713-20.
  • World Health Organization. WHOQOL Measuring Quality Of Life, Programme On Mental Health- Division Of Menthal Health And Prevention Of Substance Abuse, Geneva: World Health Or- ganization: 1997.
  • Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. De- pression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:808-9. [CrossRef]
  • Adewuya AO. The maternity blues in Western Nigerian women: Prevalence and risk factors. Am J Obstetet Gynecol 2005;193: 1522-5. [CrossRef]
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of Postnatal depres- sion: Development of the 10 item Edinburgh Postnatal Depres- sion scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987:150;782-6. [CrossRef]
  • World Health Organization.WHOQOL-BREF Introduction, Adminis- trion, Scoring And Generic Version Of The Assesment, Programme On Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
  • Josefsson A, Angelsiöö L, Berg G, Ekström CM, Gunnervik C, Nordin C, et al. Obstetric, somatic and demographic risk fac- tors for postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:223-8. [CrossRef]
  • Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, et al. Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1856-63. [CrossRef]
  • Séguin L, Potvin L, St-Denis M, Loiselle J. Depressive symptoms in the late postnatal among low socioeconomic status women. Birth 1999;26:157-63. [CrossRef]
  • Goldbort J. Transcultural analysis of postparum depression. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2006;31:121-6. [CrossRef]
  • Berlim MT, Flack PAM. Qulity of life in major depression. In: Qual- ity of life Impairement in Schizophrenia, Mood and anxiety disor- ders. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007. p. 241-52. [CrossRef]
  • Righetti-Veltema M, Conne-Perreard E, Bousquet A, Manzano J. Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. J Af- fect Disord 1998;49:167-80. [CrossRef]
  • Berlim MT, Mattevi BS, Fleck MP. Depression and quality of life among depressed Brazilian outpatients. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:254. [CrossRef]
  • Kennedy SH, Eisfeld BS, Cooke RG. Quality of life: an important dimension in assessing the treatment of depression? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:23-8.
  • Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Mahal Y, Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Fava M. Quality of life assessments in major depressive disor- der: a review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26:13-7. [CrossRef]
  • Rapaport MH, Clary C, Fayyad R, Endicott J. Quality-of-life im- pairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1171-8. [CrossRef]
  • Şahin EM, Kılıçaslan S. Son trimester gebelerin depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri ile bunları etkileyen etmenler. Trakya Univ Tıp Fak Derg 2010;27:51-8.
  • Haas JS, Jackson RA, Fuentes-Afflick E, Stewart AL, Dean ML, Brawarsky P, et al. Changes in the health status of women during and after pregnancy. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:45-51. [CrossRef]
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Durukan Bu kişi benim

Mustafa N. İlhan Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Ali Bumin Bu kişi benim

Sefer Aycan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 2011 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Durukan, E., İlhan, M. N., Bumin, M. A., Aycan, S. (2011). 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Medical Journal, 2011(4), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3
AMA Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Aycan S. 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Medical Journal. Nisan 2011;2011(4):385-393. doi:10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3
Chicago Durukan, Elif, Mustafa N. İlhan, Mehmet Ali Bumin, ve Sefer Aycan. “2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı Ve Yaşam Kalitesi”. Balkan Medical Journal 2011, sy. 4 (Nisan 2011): 385-93. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
EndNote Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Aycan S (01 Nisan 2011) 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Medical Journal 2011 4 385–393.
IEEE E. Durukan, M. N. İlhan, M. A. Bumin, ve S. Aycan, “2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi”, Balkan Medical Journal, c. 2011, sy. 4, ss. 385–393, 2011, doi: 10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
ISNAD Durukan, Elif vd. “2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı Ve Yaşam Kalitesi”. Balkan Medical Journal 2011/4 (Nisan 2011), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
JAMA Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Aycan S. 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Medical Journal. 2011;2011:385–393.
MLA Durukan, Elif vd. “2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı Ve Yaşam Kalitesi”. Balkan Medical Journal, c. 2011, sy. 4, 2011, ss. 385-93, doi:10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
Vancouver Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Aycan S. 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Medical Journal. 2011;2011(4):385-93.