Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 8 - 16, 01.01.2015
Esengül Koçak Uzel
Ufuk Abacıoğlu
Kaynakça
- 1. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR,
Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM,
Gareen IF, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose
computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011;365:395-
409. [CrossRef]
- 2. Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, Giroux DJ, Groome PA,
Rami-Porta R, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project:
proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the
forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant
tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:706-14. [CrossRef]
- 3. Scott WJ, Howington J, Feigenberg S, Movsas B, Pisters K;
American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment of non-small
cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based
clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:234S42S.
- 4. Colice GL, Shafazand S, Griffin JP, Keenan R, Bolliger CT;
American College of Chest Physicians. Physiologic evaluation
of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional
surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd
edition). Chest 2007;132:161S-77S.
- 5. Puri V, Meyers BF. Optimal initial pathologic mediastinal staging
of lung cancer: EUS, EBUS, mediastinoscopy. In: Ferguson
MK, ed. Difficult decisions in thoracic surgery. London: Springer;
2011. p. 67-75. [CrossRef]
- . Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Paul S, Mitchell JD, Onaitis M. Lymph node
evaluation by open or video-assisted approaches in 11,500 anatomic
lung cancer resections. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94:347-53. [CrossRef]
- 8. Paul S, Altorki NK, Sheng S, Lee PC, Harpole DH, Onaitis MW,
et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity
than open lobectomy: a propensity-matched analysis from the STS
database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:366-78. [CrossRef]
- 9. Little AG, Rusch VW, Bonner JA, Gaspar LE, Green MR, Webb
WR, et al. Patterns of surgical care of lung cancer patients. Ann
Thorac Surg 2005;80:2051-6. [CrossRef]
- 10. Allen MS, Darling GE, Pechet TT, Mitchell JD, Herndon JE, 2nd,
Landreneau RJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary
resections in patients with early-stage lung cancer: initial
results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial.
Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1013-9. [CrossRef]
- 11. Donington J, Ferguson M, Mazzone P, Handy J, Jr, Schuchert
M, Fernando H, et al. American College of Chest Physicians
and Society of Thoracic Surgeons consensus statement for evaluation
and management for high-risk patients with stage I nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Chest 2012;142:1620-35. [CrossRef]
- 12. Okada M, Nishio W, Sakamoto T, Uchino K, Yuki T, Nakagawa A,
et al. Effect of tumor size on prognosis in patients with non-small
cell lung cancer: the role of segmentectomy as a type of lesser resection.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:87-93. [CrossRef]
- 13. Chamogeorgakis T, Ieromonachos C, Georgiannakis E, Mallios D.
Does lobectomy achieve better survival and recurrence rates than limited
pulmonary resection for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer patients?
Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009;8:364-72. [CrossRef]
- 14. Ceppa DP, Kosinski AS, Berry MF, Tong BC, Harpole DH, Mitchell
JD, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy has increasing benefit in
patients with poor pulmonary function: a Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Database analysis. Ann Surg 2012;256:487-93. [CrossRef]
- 15. Gopaldas RR, Bakaeen FG, Dao TK, Walsh GL, Swisher SG,
Chu D. Video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open thoracotomy
lobectomy in a cohort of 13,619 patients. Ann Thorac Surg
2010;89:1563-70. [CrossRef]
- 16. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, Ballman K, Maltha- ner
RA, Inculet RI, et al. Number of lymph nodes harvested from a
mediastinal lymphadenectomy: results of the randomized, prospective
American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030
trial. Chest 2011;139:1124-9. [CrossRef]
- 17. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, Papiez L, Tudor
K, DeLuca J, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors
in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy
for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol
2006;24:4833-39. [CrossRef]
- 18. Haasbeek CJ, Lagerwaard FJ, Slotman BJ, Senan S. Outcomes
of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for centrally located earlystage
lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:2036-43. [CrossRef]
- 19. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Fujino M, Gomi K,
et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for operable stage
I non-small-cell lung cancer: can SBRT be comparable to surgery?
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:1352-8. [CrossRef]
- 20. Lagerwaard FJ, Verstegen NE, Haasbeek CJ, Slotman BJ, Paul
MA, Smit EF, et al. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy
in patients with potentially operable stage I non-small-cell lung
cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;83:348-53. [CrossRef]
- 21. Neri S, Takahashi Y, Terashi T, Hamakawa H, Tomii K, Katakami
N, et al. Surgical treatment of local recurrence after stereotactic
body radiotherapy for primary and metastatic lung cancers.
J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:2003-7. [CrossRef]
- 22. Crabtree TD, Denlinger CE, Meyers BF, et al. Stereotactic body radiation
therapy versus surgical resection for stage I non-small cell lung
cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:377-86. [CrossRef]
- 23. Kothary N, Heit JJ, Louie JD, Kuo WT, Loo BW, Jr, Koong A, et
al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous fiducial marker implantation
for image-guided radiation therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol
2009;20:235-9. [CrossRef]
- 24. Underberg RW, Lagerwaard FJ, Cuijpers JP, Slotman BJ, van
Sornsen de Koste JR, Senan S. Four- dimensional CT scans for
treatment planning in stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I lung
cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60:1283-90. [CrossRef]
- 25. Kimura T, Hirokawa Y, Murakami Y, Tsujimura M, Nakashima
T, Ohno Y, et al. Reproducibility of organ position using voluntary
breath-hold method with spirometer for extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60:1307-13. [CrossRef]
- 26. Guckenberger M, Krieger T, Richter A, Baier K, Wilbert J, Sweeney
RA, et al. Potential of image- guidance, gating and real-time
tracking to improve accuracy in pulmonary stereotactic body radiother-
apy. Radiother Oncol 2009;91:288-95. [CrossRef]
- 27. Qiao X, Tullgren O, Lax I, Sirzen F, Lewensohn R. The role of
radiotherapy in treatment of stage I non- small cell lung cancer.
Lung Cancer 2003;41:1-11. [CrossRef]
- 28. McGarry RC, Papiez L, Williams M, Whitford T, Timmerman
RD. Stereotactic body radiation therapy of early-stage nonsmall-cell
lung carcinoma: phase I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol
Phys 2005;63:1010-5. [CrossRef]
- 29. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, Papiez L, Williams
M, Henderson MA, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy
for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results
of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
2009;75:677-82. [CrossRef]
- 30. Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ, Smit EF, Slotman BJ, Senan S.
Outcomes of risk-adapted fractionated ster- eotactic radiotherapy
for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol
Phys 2008;70: 685-92. [CrossRef]
- 31. Baumann P, Nyman J, Hoyer M, Wennberg B, Gagliardi G, Lax I,
et al. Outcome in a prospective phase II trial of medically inoperable
stage I non- small-cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic
body radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3290-6. [CrossRef]
- 32. Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y, Norihisa Y, Mizowaki T,
Sakamoto T, et al. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48
Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary
lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys 2005;63:1427-31. [CrossRef]
- 33. Hara R, Itami J, Kondo T, Aruga T, Uno T, Sasano N, et al. Clinical
outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy of
lung tumors. Cancer 2006;106:1347-52. [CrossRef]
Treatment of Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Surgery or Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy?
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 8 - 16, 01.01.2015
Esengül Koçak Uzel
Ufuk Abacıoğlu
Öz
The management of early-stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) has improved recently due to advances in surgical and radiation modalities. Minimally-invasive procedures like Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy decreases the morbidity of surgery, while the numerous methods of staging the mediastinum such as endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsies are helping to achieve the objectives much more effectively. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) has become the frontrunner as the standard of care in medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients, and has also been branded as tolerable and highly effective. Ongoing researches using SABR are continuously validating the optimal dosing and fractionation schemes, while at the same time instituting its role for both inoperable and operable patients.
Kaynakça
- 1. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR,
Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM,
Gareen IF, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose
computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011;365:395-
409. [CrossRef]
- 2. Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, Giroux DJ, Groome PA,
Rami-Porta R, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project:
proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the
forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant
tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:706-14. [CrossRef]
- 3. Scott WJ, Howington J, Feigenberg S, Movsas B, Pisters K;
American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment of non-small
cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based
clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:234S42S.
- 4. Colice GL, Shafazand S, Griffin JP, Keenan R, Bolliger CT;
American College of Chest Physicians. Physiologic evaluation
of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional
surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd
edition). Chest 2007;132:161S-77S.
- 5. Puri V, Meyers BF. Optimal initial pathologic mediastinal staging
of lung cancer: EUS, EBUS, mediastinoscopy. In: Ferguson
MK, ed. Difficult decisions in thoracic surgery. London: Springer;
2011. p. 67-75. [CrossRef]
- . Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Paul S, Mitchell JD, Onaitis M. Lymph node
evaluation by open or video-assisted approaches in 11,500 anatomic
lung cancer resections. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94:347-53. [CrossRef]
- 8. Paul S, Altorki NK, Sheng S, Lee PC, Harpole DH, Onaitis MW,
et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity
than open lobectomy: a propensity-matched analysis from the STS
database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:366-78. [CrossRef]
- 9. Little AG, Rusch VW, Bonner JA, Gaspar LE, Green MR, Webb
WR, et al. Patterns of surgical care of lung cancer patients. Ann
Thorac Surg 2005;80:2051-6. [CrossRef]
- 10. Allen MS, Darling GE, Pechet TT, Mitchell JD, Herndon JE, 2nd,
Landreneau RJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary
resections in patients with early-stage lung cancer: initial
results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial.
Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1013-9. [CrossRef]
- 11. Donington J, Ferguson M, Mazzone P, Handy J, Jr, Schuchert
M, Fernando H, et al. American College of Chest Physicians
and Society of Thoracic Surgeons consensus statement for evaluation
and management for high-risk patients with stage I nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Chest 2012;142:1620-35. [CrossRef]
- 12. Okada M, Nishio W, Sakamoto T, Uchino K, Yuki T, Nakagawa A,
et al. Effect of tumor size on prognosis in patients with non-small
cell lung cancer: the role of segmentectomy as a type of lesser resection.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:87-93. [CrossRef]
- 13. Chamogeorgakis T, Ieromonachos C, Georgiannakis E, Mallios D.
Does lobectomy achieve better survival and recurrence rates than limited
pulmonary resection for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer patients?
Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009;8:364-72. [CrossRef]
- 14. Ceppa DP, Kosinski AS, Berry MF, Tong BC, Harpole DH, Mitchell
JD, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy has increasing benefit in
patients with poor pulmonary function: a Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Database analysis. Ann Surg 2012;256:487-93. [CrossRef]
- 15. Gopaldas RR, Bakaeen FG, Dao TK, Walsh GL, Swisher SG,
Chu D. Video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open thoracotomy
lobectomy in a cohort of 13,619 patients. Ann Thorac Surg
2010;89:1563-70. [CrossRef]
- 16. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, Ballman K, Maltha- ner
RA, Inculet RI, et al. Number of lymph nodes harvested from a
mediastinal lymphadenectomy: results of the randomized, prospective
American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030
trial. Chest 2011;139:1124-9. [CrossRef]
- 17. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, Papiez L, Tudor
K, DeLuca J, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors
in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy
for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol
2006;24:4833-39. [CrossRef]
- 18. Haasbeek CJ, Lagerwaard FJ, Slotman BJ, Senan S. Outcomes
of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for centrally located earlystage
lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:2036-43. [CrossRef]
- 19. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Fujino M, Gomi K,
et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for operable stage
I non-small-cell lung cancer: can SBRT be comparable to surgery?
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:1352-8. [CrossRef]
- 20. Lagerwaard FJ, Verstegen NE, Haasbeek CJ, Slotman BJ, Paul
MA, Smit EF, et al. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy
in patients with potentially operable stage I non-small-cell lung
cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;83:348-53. [CrossRef]
- 21. Neri S, Takahashi Y, Terashi T, Hamakawa H, Tomii K, Katakami
N, et al. Surgical treatment of local recurrence after stereotactic
body radiotherapy for primary and metastatic lung cancers.
J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:2003-7. [CrossRef]
- 22. Crabtree TD, Denlinger CE, Meyers BF, et al. Stereotactic body radiation
therapy versus surgical resection for stage I non-small cell lung
cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:377-86. [CrossRef]
- 23. Kothary N, Heit JJ, Louie JD, Kuo WT, Loo BW, Jr, Koong A, et
al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous fiducial marker implantation
for image-guided radiation therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol
2009;20:235-9. [CrossRef]
- 24. Underberg RW, Lagerwaard FJ, Cuijpers JP, Slotman BJ, van
Sornsen de Koste JR, Senan S. Four- dimensional CT scans for
treatment planning in stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I lung
cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60:1283-90. [CrossRef]
- 25. Kimura T, Hirokawa Y, Murakami Y, Tsujimura M, Nakashima
T, Ohno Y, et al. Reproducibility of organ position using voluntary
breath-hold method with spirometer for extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60:1307-13. [CrossRef]
- 26. Guckenberger M, Krieger T, Richter A, Baier K, Wilbert J, Sweeney
RA, et al. Potential of image- guidance, gating and real-time
tracking to improve accuracy in pulmonary stereotactic body radiother-
apy. Radiother Oncol 2009;91:288-95. [CrossRef]
- 27. Qiao X, Tullgren O, Lax I, Sirzen F, Lewensohn R. The role of
radiotherapy in treatment of stage I non- small cell lung cancer.
Lung Cancer 2003;41:1-11. [CrossRef]
- 28. McGarry RC, Papiez L, Williams M, Whitford T, Timmerman
RD. Stereotactic body radiation therapy of early-stage nonsmall-cell
lung carcinoma: phase I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol
Phys 2005;63:1010-5. [CrossRef]
- 29. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, Papiez L, Williams
M, Henderson MA, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy
for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results
of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
2009;75:677-82. [CrossRef]
- 30. Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ, Smit EF, Slotman BJ, Senan S.
Outcomes of risk-adapted fractionated ster- eotactic radiotherapy
for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol
Phys 2008;70: 685-92. [CrossRef]
- 31. Baumann P, Nyman J, Hoyer M, Wennberg B, Gagliardi G, Lax I,
et al. Outcome in a prospective phase II trial of medically inoperable
stage I non- small-cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic
body radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3290-6. [CrossRef]
- 32. Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y, Norihisa Y, Mizowaki T,
Sakamoto T, et al. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48
Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary
lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys 2005;63:1427-31. [CrossRef]
- 33. Hara R, Itami J, Kondo T, Aruga T, Uno T, Sasano N, et al. Clinical
outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy of
lung tumors. Cancer 2006;106:1347-52. [CrossRef]