BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 6, 675 - 680, 01.11.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L, Versalovic J, et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1785-91. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Dahlblom V, Söderström M. Bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - Effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:133-9. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Gergova R, Mitov I, Minchev P. Criteria for isolation and evaluation of clinical significance of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in respiratory tract samples. Modern medicine 2003;5:3-10. (in Bulgarian)
  • 4. Verhaegh SJ, Flores AR, van Belkum A, Musser JM, Hays JP. Differential virulence gene expression of group A Streptococcus serotype M3 in response to co-culture with Moraxella catarrhalis. PLoS One 2013;8:62549. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Hays JP. Moraxella catarrhalis: A mini review. J Pediatric Infect Dis 2009;4:211-20.
  • 6. Setchanova LP, Alexandrova A, Mitov I, Nashev D, Kantardjiev T. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Bulgaria before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Chemother 2012;24:12-7. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Setchanova L, Gergova R, Mitov I. Antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract isolates Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Modern Medicine 2004;6:3-10 (Bulgarian).
  • 8. Gergova R, Markovska R, Mitov I. Antimicrobial resistance and production β-lactamase in Bulgarian clinical isolates Moraxella catarrhalis. Annals of Microbiology 2009;59:169-72. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Patel M, Waites KB, Moser SA, Cloud GA, Hoesley CJ. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among communityand hospital-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2481-4. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Budhani RK, Struthers JK. Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis: investigation of the indirect pathogenic role of β-lactamase-producing moraxellae by use of a continuous-culture biofilm system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2521-6.
  • 11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 20th informational supplement. Wayne, Pa M100-S20, 2010.
  • 12. Mitov IG., Gergova RT, Ouzounova-Raykova VV. Distribution of genes encoding virulence ompB2, ompCD, ompE, beta-lactamase and serotype in pathogenic and colonizing strains Moraxella catarrhalis. Arch of Med Res 2010;41:530-5. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Lafontaine ER, Wall D, Vanlerberg SL, Donabedian H, Sledjeski DD. Moraxella catarrhalis coaggregates with Streptococcus pyogenes and modulates interactions of S. pyogenes with human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004;72:6689-93. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Verhaegh SJ, Snippe ML, Levy F, Verbrugh HA, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, et al. Colonization of healthy children by Moraxella catarrhalis is characterized by genotype heterogeneity, virulence gene diversity and co-colonization with Haemophilus influenza. Microbiology 2011;157:169-78. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Chavez-Bueno S, Bozdogan B, Katz K, Bowlware KL, Cushion N, Cavuoti D, et al. Inducible clindamycin resistance and molecular epidemiologic trends of pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dallas, Texas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2283-8. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Pérez-Trallero E, Martín-Herrero JE, Mazón A, García-Delafuente C, Robles P, Iriarte V, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2953-9. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Jacobs MR, Johnson CE. Macrolide resistance: an increasing concern for treatment failure in children. Paediatr Infect Dis 2003;22(Suppl 8):131-8. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG, Jones CB. Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy. Chest 2002;118:1839-40. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Dundar D, Sayan M, Tamer GS. Macrolide and tetracycline resistance and emm type distribution of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates recovered from Turkish patients. Microb Drug Resist 2010;16:279-84 [CrossRef]
  • 20. Sowerby LJ, Hussain Z, Husein M. The epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and post-discharge course of peritonsillar abscesses in London, Ontario. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;42:5. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Turel O, Yıldırım C, Yılmaz Y, Kulekci S, Akdaş F, Bakır M. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in childhood bacterial meningitis: a multicenter study. Balkan Med J 2013;30:80- 4. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009;374:903-11. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Muge OA, Zeynep B, Cem A. Carriage rate of Haemophilus influenzae among preschool children in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007;60:179-82.
  • 24. Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M , Midilli K. Phenotypes and genotypes of macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. Balkan Med J 2015;32:84-8. [CrossRef

Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 6, 675 - 680, 01.11.2016

Öz

Background: Across the globe, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are the most prevalent cause of morbidity in childhood. Aims: The aim of our study is to analyze the incidence and etiology of bacterial URTIs in Bulgarian children, as well as the increasing antimicrobial resistance to the most common etiologic agents over a period of 17 years. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: The study material comprised the data from 4768 patients (aged 1-16 years) with URTI during the period from 1998-2014. Specific microbiology agent detection was performed by culture examination. Susceptibilities to the investigated pathogens were determined by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration according to the criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of β-lactam resistance genes. Results: We identified the following as the most common URTI bacterial pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae (40.94%), Streptococcus pyogenes (34.16%), Haemophilus influenzae (44.23%), Moraxella catarrhalis (39.19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.88%). In more than 70% of cases, a polymicrobial etiology was found. The most commonly affected individuals were pre-school-aged children, which accounted for more than 36% of all patients. During the study period, a dramatic increase in resistance to antibiotic agents was observed. The most frequent types of resistance were the enzymatic inactivation of penicillins and cephalosporins (close to 100% in staphylococci and moraxellae) and inducible macrolide-lincozamide resistance (about 20% of Gram-positive cocci). Conclusion: Due to mandatory immunization against pneumococci and H. influenzae in Bulgaria and the vast expanding resistance to the most popular antimicrobial agents changes in the etiology of URTI have recently been noted. Regular analysis of this etiological dynamic and the antimicrobial resistance of respiratory pathogens is important for choosing the correct therapy and successful treatment.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L, Versalovic J, et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1785-91. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Dahlblom V, Söderström M. Bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - Effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:133-9. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Gergova R, Mitov I, Minchev P. Criteria for isolation and evaluation of clinical significance of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in respiratory tract samples. Modern medicine 2003;5:3-10. (in Bulgarian)
  • 4. Verhaegh SJ, Flores AR, van Belkum A, Musser JM, Hays JP. Differential virulence gene expression of group A Streptococcus serotype M3 in response to co-culture with Moraxella catarrhalis. PLoS One 2013;8:62549. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Hays JP. Moraxella catarrhalis: A mini review. J Pediatric Infect Dis 2009;4:211-20.
  • 6. Setchanova LP, Alexandrova A, Mitov I, Nashev D, Kantardjiev T. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Bulgaria before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Chemother 2012;24:12-7. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Setchanova L, Gergova R, Mitov I. Antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract isolates Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Modern Medicine 2004;6:3-10 (Bulgarian).
  • 8. Gergova R, Markovska R, Mitov I. Antimicrobial resistance and production β-lactamase in Bulgarian clinical isolates Moraxella catarrhalis. Annals of Microbiology 2009;59:169-72. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Patel M, Waites KB, Moser SA, Cloud GA, Hoesley CJ. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among communityand hospital-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2481-4. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Budhani RK, Struthers JK. Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis: investigation of the indirect pathogenic role of β-lactamase-producing moraxellae by use of a continuous-culture biofilm system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2521-6.
  • 11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 20th informational supplement. Wayne, Pa M100-S20, 2010.
  • 12. Mitov IG., Gergova RT, Ouzounova-Raykova VV. Distribution of genes encoding virulence ompB2, ompCD, ompE, beta-lactamase and serotype in pathogenic and colonizing strains Moraxella catarrhalis. Arch of Med Res 2010;41:530-5. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Lafontaine ER, Wall D, Vanlerberg SL, Donabedian H, Sledjeski DD. Moraxella catarrhalis coaggregates with Streptococcus pyogenes and modulates interactions of S. pyogenes with human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004;72:6689-93. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Verhaegh SJ, Snippe ML, Levy F, Verbrugh HA, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, et al. Colonization of healthy children by Moraxella catarrhalis is characterized by genotype heterogeneity, virulence gene diversity and co-colonization with Haemophilus influenza. Microbiology 2011;157:169-78. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Chavez-Bueno S, Bozdogan B, Katz K, Bowlware KL, Cushion N, Cavuoti D, et al. Inducible clindamycin resistance and molecular epidemiologic trends of pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dallas, Texas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2283-8. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Pérez-Trallero E, Martín-Herrero JE, Mazón A, García-Delafuente C, Robles P, Iriarte V, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2953-9. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Jacobs MR, Johnson CE. Macrolide resistance: an increasing concern for treatment failure in children. Paediatr Infect Dis 2003;22(Suppl 8):131-8. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG, Jones CB. Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy. Chest 2002;118:1839-40. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Dundar D, Sayan M, Tamer GS. Macrolide and tetracycline resistance and emm type distribution of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates recovered from Turkish patients. Microb Drug Resist 2010;16:279-84 [CrossRef]
  • 20. Sowerby LJ, Hussain Z, Husein M. The epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and post-discharge course of peritonsillar abscesses in London, Ontario. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;42:5. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Turel O, Yıldırım C, Yılmaz Y, Kulekci S, Akdaş F, Bakır M. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in childhood bacterial meningitis: a multicenter study. Balkan Med J 2013;30:80- 4. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009;374:903-11. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Muge OA, Zeynep B, Cem A. Carriage rate of Haemophilus influenzae among preschool children in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007;60:179-82.
  • 24. Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M , Midilli K. Phenotypes and genotypes of macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. Balkan Med J 2015;32:84-8. [CrossRef
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA23AG34AC
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Raina Tzvetanova Gergova Bu kişi benim

Guergana Petrova Bu kişi benim

Stefan Gergov Bu kişi benim

Petko Minchev Bu kişi benim

İvan Mitov Bu kişi benim

Tanya Strateva Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Kasım 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Gergova, R. . T., Petrova, G., Gergov, S., Minchev, P., vd. (2016). Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014. Balkan Medical Journal, 33(6), 675-680.
AMA Gergova RT, Petrova G, Gergov S, Minchev P, Mitov İ, Strateva T. Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014. Balkan Medical Journal. Kasım 2016;33(6):675-680.
Chicago Gergova, Raina Tzvetanova, Guergana Petrova, Stefan Gergov, Petko Minchev, İvan Mitov, ve Tanya Strateva. “Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014”. Balkan Medical Journal 33, sy. 6 (Kasım 2016): 675-80.
EndNote Gergova RT, Petrova G, Gergov S, Minchev P, Mitov İ, Strateva T (01 Kasım 2016) Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014. Balkan Medical Journal 33 6 675–680.
IEEE R. . T. Gergova, G. Petrova, S. Gergov, P. Minchev, İ. Mitov, ve T. Strateva, “Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014”, Balkan Medical Journal, c. 33, sy. 6, ss. 675–680, 2016.
ISNAD Gergova, Raina Tzvetanova vd. “Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014”. Balkan Medical Journal 33/6 (Kasım 2016), 675-680.
JAMA Gergova RT, Petrova G, Gergov S, Minchev P, Mitov İ, Strateva T. Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014. Balkan Medical Journal. 2016;33:675–680.
MLA Gergova, Raina Tzvetanova vd. “Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014”. Balkan Medical Journal, c. 33, sy. 6, 2016, ss. 675-80.
Vancouver Gergova RT, Petrova G, Gergov S, Minchev P, Mitov İ, Strateva T. Microbiological Features of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Bulgarian Children for the Period 1998-2014. Balkan Medical Journal. 2016;33(6):675-80.