Fethiye Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Pişmiş Toprak Ampulla: Batı Anadolu Arkeolojisi Bağlamında Tipoloji, İkonografi ve Üretim Merkezleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Fethiye Müzesi envanterine kayıtlı dört pişmiş toprak ampullanın tipolojik ve ikonografik değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırması yapılarak bilim dünyasına tanıtılması ve hac ticareti bağlamında ampulla üretiminin Geç Antik Çağ Erken Hıristiyan ve Erken Bizans Sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durularak literatüre katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. İncelenen ampullalar oval yassı gövdeli, kısa silindirik boyunlu ve omuzlarında birer delik/kulakçık bulunan “Küçük Asya” tipi olarak bilinen forma sahiptir. Bu küçük şişecikler tipolojik ve ikonografik açıdan iki grup halinde ele alınmıştır: Birinci grup figürlü ampullalar olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu grup 6–7 cm yüksekliğinde ve 4–5 cm gövde çapına sahip biri ayakta (Kat. 2), biri ise büst şeklinde (Kat. 1) aziz veya İncil yazarlarının tasvirlerini içeren iki ampulladan oluşmaktadır. İkinci grup ise sembolik motifli ampullalar olarak isimlendirilmiştir. 3,5–4 cm yüksekliğinde ve 2,5–3 cm gövde çapında olan bu gruptaki iki ampulladan biri haç (Kat. 3), diğeri çiçek/rozet (Kat. 4) tasvirleri taşımaktadır. Benzer örnekler ışığında 5-7. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilen dört ampullanın üretim yeri olarak ise Batı Anadolu’da Smyrna, Laodekia gibi kentler içinde önemli bir hac merkezi olan Efes öne çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ampulla
• pişmiş toprak
• hacı şişesi
• Fethiye Müzesi
• İncil yazarı Yuhanna
• Efes

A Group of Terracotta Ampullae from the Fethiye Museum: An Evaluation of Typology, Iconography and Production Centers in the Context of Western Anatolian Archaeology

Öz

This study presents four terracotta ampullae recorded in the inventory of the Fethiye Museum, offering a typological and iconographic evaluation and comparison that aims to highlight the role of ampulla production within Late Antiquity, Early Christian, and Early Byzantine art in the context of pilgrimage trade, thereby contributing to the scholarly literature. The examined ampullae exhibit the ‘Asia Minor’ type, characterised by an oval, flattened body, a short cylindrical neck, and a pair of holes/lugs on the shoulders. These small flasks are classified into two groups based on typology and iconography. The first group is identified as figural ampullae. This group comprises two small flasks, measuring 6–7 cm in height and 4–5 cm in body diameter: one (Cat. 2) depict saints or Evangelists in standing form, while the other (Cat. 1) presents a bust-type representation. Among these small flasks, particularly Cat. 1 has been identified as rare by their iconography. The second group is designated as ampullae with symbolic motifs. This group comprises two small flasks, measuring 3.5–4 cm in height and 2.5–3 cm in body diameter: one (Cat. 3) bears a cross motif, while the other (Cat. 4) features a floral/rosette motif. Based on comparable examples, the four small flasks dated to the 5th-7th centuries are attributed to Ephesus, which emerges as a major pilgrimage centre in Western Anatolia alongside cities such as Smyrna and Laodicea.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ampulla
• terracotta
• pilgrim flask
• Fethiye Museum
• Evangelist John
• Ephesos

Kaynakça

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