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Süt İneklerinde Sıcak Stresinin Etkileri ve Beslenme Stratejileri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 41 - 46, 31.12.2021

Öz

Yıllardır daha fazla süt almak için genetik seleksiyonlara tabi tutulan inekler küresel çapta artan sıcaklıklara karşı daha hassas hale gelmişlerdir. Hayvanlar vücut ısısını koruyabildiği ve kendini huzurlu hissettiği termonötral zone aralığında maksimum verime ulaşırlar. Bu aralığın üzerine çıkılması durumunda toplam sıcaklık üretiminin vücuttan atılan sıcaklıktan daha fazla olmasıyla inekler sıcak stresine girerler. Sıcak stresinin süt ve döl verimi üzerine olumsuz etkilerini hafifletmek veya önlemek için rasyonda çeşitli düzenlemeler yapılabilir. Sıcak stresinin olumsuz etkileri rasyonda konsantre yem miktarının arttırılması, korunmuş protein, yağ ve bazı vitamin-mineral katkılarının ilave edilmesi gibi düzenlemeler ile önlenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kadzere CT, Murphy MR, Silanikove N, Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Production Science 2002; 77: 59-91. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00330-X.
  • 2. Roenfeldt S. You can’t afford to ignore heat stress. Dairy Manage 1998; 35: 6-12.
  • 3. Spiers DE. How cows dissipate heat. Dairy Management Conference June 21-22, 2003; p: 77.
  • 4. Yousef MK. Stress Physiology in Livestock. In: Basic Principles. Vol. 1. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, 1985; pp.1-217.
  • 5. Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, et al. Metabolic and hormonal acclimationto heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal 2010; 4: 1167–1183. doi: 10.1017/S175173111000090X.
  • 6. Samal L. Heat stress in dairy cows-reproductive problems and control measures. International Journal of Livestock Research 2013; 3: 14-23.
  • 7. Akari CT, Nakamura RM, Kam LWG, Clarke N. The effect of level of lactation diurnal temperature patterns of dairy cattle in hot environments. Journal of Dairy Science 1984; 67: 1752–1760.
  • 8. Mcdowell RE, Hooven NW, Camoens JK. Effects of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 1976; 59: 965–973.
  • 9. Broucek J, Mihina S, Ryba S, Tongel P, Kısac, et al. Effects of high temperatures on milk efficiency in dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal Science 2006; 51: 93-101.
  • 10. Moran J. Tropical dairy farming: Feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Csiro publishing, 2005; pp. 312.
  • 11. Silanikove N. The struggle to maintain hydration osmoregulation in animals experiencing severe dehydration and rapid rehydration: the story of ruminants. Experimental Physiolgy 1994; 79: 281–300. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.1994.sp003764.
  • 12. Smith JF, Bradford BJ, Harner JP, Ito K, von Keyserlingk M, et al. Effect of cross ventilation with or without evaporative pads on core body temperature and resting time of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2016; 99: 1495-1500. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9624.
  • 13. Galindo F, Broom DM. The relationships between social behavior of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds. Research in Veterinary Science 2000; 69: 75-79. doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0391.
  • 14. Cook NB, Mentink RL, Bennett TB, Burgi K. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2007; 90: 1674-1682. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-634.
  • 15. Bach A, Valls N, Solans A, Torrent T. Associations between nondietary factors and dairy herd performance. Journal of Dairy Science 2008; 91: 3259-3267. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1030.
  • 16. Johnson HD. Depressed chemical thermogenesis and hormonal functions in heat. In: Environmental Physiology: Aging, Heat, and Altitude. Elsevier / North Holland, New York 1980; Pp. 3–9.
  • 17. Atrian P, Shahryar HA. Heat stress in dairy cows (a review). Research in Zoology 2012; 2: 31-37. doi: 10.5923/j.zoology.20120204.03.
  • 18. Murphy MR, Davis CL, Mccoy GC. Factors affecting water consumption by Holstein cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 1982; 66: 35–38.
  • 19. Macfarlane WV, Howard B. Comparative water and energy economy of wild and domestic mammals. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 1972; 31: 261–296.
  • 20. Baile CA, Forbes JM. Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiological Reviews 1974; 54: 160.
  • 21. Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Suagee JK, Sanders SR. Nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequences of heat stress. Advances in Nutrition 2013; 4: 267-276. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003376.
  • 22. Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Nardone A. Body condition score, metabolic status and milk production of early lactating dairy cows exposed to warm environment. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale 1996; 90(1): 43-55.
  • 23. Hall MB. Heat stress alters ruminal fermentation and digesta characteristics, and behavior in lactating dairy cattle. In; Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Rumin. Physiol. Wageningen, Netherlands. August, 2009; p: 204.
  • 24. Silanikove N. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Livestock Production Science 1992; 30: 175–194.
  • 25. Bouraoui R, Lahmar M, Majdoub A, Djemali M, Belyea R. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research 2002; 51: 479-491. doi: 10.1051/animres:2002036.
  • 26. Wheelock JB, Rhoads RP, Van Baale MJ, Sanders, SR, Baumgard LH. Effect of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 644-655. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2295.
  • 27. West JW. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2003; 86(6): 2131-2144. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X.
  • 28. Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U. Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock. Veterinary Research Communucations 2006; 30: 75-81. doi: 10.1007/s11259-006-0016-x.
  • 29. Singh M, Chaudhari BK, Singh JK, Singh AK, Maurya PK. Effects of thermal load on buffalo reproductive performance during summer season. Journal of Biological Sciences 2013; 1: 1-8.
  • 30. Hein KG, Allrich RD. Influence of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone on estrous behavior in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1992; 70: 243-247.
  • 31. Cavestany D, El-Whishy AB, Foot RH. Effect of season and high environmental temperature on fertility of Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1985; 68: 1471-1478
  • 32. Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS. Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2006; 84: 3415-3420. doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-611.
  • 33. Polsky L, Von Keyserlingk MA. Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 2017; 100: 8645-8657. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12651.
  • 34. Yavuz HM, Biricik H. Süt sığırlarının sıcak stresinde beslenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2009; 28; 1-7.
  • 35. Berman A. Invited review: are adaptations present to support dairy cattle productivity in warm climates? Journal of Dairy Science 2011; 94: 2147–2158. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3962.
  • 36. Stermer RA, Brasington CF, Coppock CE, Lanham JK, Milam KZ. Effect of drinking water temperature on heat stress of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 1986; 69: 546–551. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80436-2.
  • 37. Milam KZ, Coppock CE, West JW, Lanham JK, Nave DH, et al. Effects of drinking water temperature on production responses in lactating Holstein cows in summer. Journal of Dairy Science 1986; 69: 1013–1019.
  • 38. Conte G, Ciampolini R, Cassandro M, Lasagna E, Calamari L, et al. Feeding and nutrition management of heat-stressed dairy ruminants. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2018; 17(3): 604-620. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1404944.
  • 39. Reynolds CK, Tyrrell HF, Reynolds PJ. Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on energy metabolism in growing beef heifers: whole body energy and nitrogen balance and visceral heat production. Journal of Nutrition 1991; 121: 994–1003.
  • 40. West JW, Hill GM, Mandebvu P, Fernandez JM, Mullinix BG. Effects of dietary fiber on intake, milk yield, and digestion by lactating dairy cows during cool or hot, humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science 1999; 82: 2455–2465. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75497-4.
  • 41. Kanjanapruthipong J, Homwong N, Buatong N. Effects of prepartum roughage neutral detergent fiber levels on periparturient dry matter intake, metabolism, and lactation in heat-stressed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 2589–2597. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2424.
  • 42. Kamal TH, Johnson HD. Whole body 40K loss as a predictor of heat tolerance in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1970; 53: 1734–1738.
  • 43. Huber JT, Higginbotham G, Gomez-Alarcon RA, Taylor RB, Chen KH, et al. Heat stress interactions with protein, supplemental fat, and fungal cultures. Journal of Dairy Science 1994; 77: 2080–2090.
  • 44. Lobley CG, Connell A, Buchan V. Administration of testosterone to wether lambs: effect on protein and energy metabolism and growth hormone status. Journal of Endocrinolgy 1987; 115: 439-445. 45. Hahn GL. Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science 1999; 77(Suppl. 2): 10–20.
  • 46. Knapp M, Grummer RR. Response of lactating dairy cows to fat supplementation during heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 1991; 74: 2573–2579.
  • 47. Kronfeld DS, Donoghue S, Naylor JM, Johnson K, Bradley CA. Metabolic effects of feeding protected tallow to dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 1980; 63: 545–552.
  • 48. Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC. Fat in lactation rations: review. Journal of Dairy Science 1980; 63: 1–14.
  • 49. Lin H, Jiao HC, Buyse J, Decuypere E. Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 2006; 62: 71–86.
  • 50. Sordillo LM, Shafer-Weaver K, Derosa D. Immunobiology of the mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 1997; 80: 1851–1865.
  • 51. Calamari L, Maianti MG, Amendola F, Lombardi G. On some aspects of the oxidative status and on antioxidants of dairy cows during summer. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress; Jun 21–24; Piacenza; Ed. Franco Angeli, Milano, Italy,1999; p: 449-451.
  • 52. Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Ronchi B, Nardone A. Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Animal Research 2002; 51: 25–33. doi:10.1051/animres:2002006.
  • 53. Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW. Selenium and Vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Experimental Physiology 2016; 101: 801–810. doi: 10.1113/EP085746.
  • 54. Zimbelman RB, Baumgard LH, Collier RJ. Effects of encapsulated niacin on evaporative heat loss and body temperature in moderately heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 2387–2394. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2557.
  • 55. Mirzaei M, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Rahmani HR, Nikkhah A. Chromium improves production and alters metabolism of early lactation cows in summer. Journal of Animal Physiolgy and Animal Nutrition 2011; 95: 81–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01007.x.
  • 56. Piva G, Belladonna S, Fusconi G, Sicbaldi F. Effects of yeast on dairy cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood components, and milk manufacturing properties. Journal of Dairy Science 1993; 76: 2717–2722.
  • 57. Bach A, Iglesias C, Devant M. Daily rumen pH pattern of loose-housed dairy cattle as affected by feeding pattern and live yeast supplementation. Animal Feed and Science Technology 2007; 136: 146-153. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.011.
  • 58. Bruno RG, Rutigliano SHM, Cerri RL, Robinson PH, Santos JEP. Effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of dairy cows during summer heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009; 150: 175–186. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.001.
  • 59. Shwartz G, Rhoads ML, Dawson KA, Vanbaale MJ, Rhoads RP. Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2009; 92: 935–942. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1496.

Effects of Heat Stress and Nutritional Strategies in Dairy Cows

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 41 - 46, 31.12.2021

Öz

Dairy cows have become more sensitive to rising temperatures globally, as they have been subjected to genetic selection to produce milk for years. Animals achieve maximum efficiency in the range of the thermo-neutral zone, where they can maintain their body temperature and feel comfortable. If this range is exceeded, cows experience heat stress as the total heat production is greater than the heat excreted from the body. Various arrangements can be made in the ration to alleviate or prevent the negative effects of heat stress on milk and fertility. Adverse effects of heat stress can be prevented by regulations such as increasing the amount of concentrate in the ration, adding protected protein, fat and some vitamin-mineral additives.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kadzere CT, Murphy MR, Silanikove N, Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Production Science 2002; 77: 59-91. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00330-X.
  • 2. Roenfeldt S. You can’t afford to ignore heat stress. Dairy Manage 1998; 35: 6-12.
  • 3. Spiers DE. How cows dissipate heat. Dairy Management Conference June 21-22, 2003; p: 77.
  • 4. Yousef MK. Stress Physiology in Livestock. In: Basic Principles. Vol. 1. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, 1985; pp.1-217.
  • 5. Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, et al. Metabolic and hormonal acclimationto heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal 2010; 4: 1167–1183. doi: 10.1017/S175173111000090X.
  • 6. Samal L. Heat stress in dairy cows-reproductive problems and control measures. International Journal of Livestock Research 2013; 3: 14-23.
  • 7. Akari CT, Nakamura RM, Kam LWG, Clarke N. The effect of level of lactation diurnal temperature patterns of dairy cattle in hot environments. Journal of Dairy Science 1984; 67: 1752–1760.
  • 8. Mcdowell RE, Hooven NW, Camoens JK. Effects of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 1976; 59: 965–973.
  • 9. Broucek J, Mihina S, Ryba S, Tongel P, Kısac, et al. Effects of high temperatures on milk efficiency in dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal Science 2006; 51: 93-101.
  • 10. Moran J. Tropical dairy farming: Feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Csiro publishing, 2005; pp. 312.
  • 11. Silanikove N. The struggle to maintain hydration osmoregulation in animals experiencing severe dehydration and rapid rehydration: the story of ruminants. Experimental Physiolgy 1994; 79: 281–300. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.1994.sp003764.
  • 12. Smith JF, Bradford BJ, Harner JP, Ito K, von Keyserlingk M, et al. Effect of cross ventilation with or without evaporative pads on core body temperature and resting time of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2016; 99: 1495-1500. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9624.
  • 13. Galindo F, Broom DM. The relationships between social behavior of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds. Research in Veterinary Science 2000; 69: 75-79. doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0391.
  • 14. Cook NB, Mentink RL, Bennett TB, Burgi K. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2007; 90: 1674-1682. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-634.
  • 15. Bach A, Valls N, Solans A, Torrent T. Associations between nondietary factors and dairy herd performance. Journal of Dairy Science 2008; 91: 3259-3267. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1030.
  • 16. Johnson HD. Depressed chemical thermogenesis and hormonal functions in heat. In: Environmental Physiology: Aging, Heat, and Altitude. Elsevier / North Holland, New York 1980; Pp. 3–9.
  • 17. Atrian P, Shahryar HA. Heat stress in dairy cows (a review). Research in Zoology 2012; 2: 31-37. doi: 10.5923/j.zoology.20120204.03.
  • 18. Murphy MR, Davis CL, Mccoy GC. Factors affecting water consumption by Holstein cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 1982; 66: 35–38.
  • 19. Macfarlane WV, Howard B. Comparative water and energy economy of wild and domestic mammals. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 1972; 31: 261–296.
  • 20. Baile CA, Forbes JM. Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiological Reviews 1974; 54: 160.
  • 21. Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Suagee JK, Sanders SR. Nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequences of heat stress. Advances in Nutrition 2013; 4: 267-276. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003376.
  • 22. Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Nardone A. Body condition score, metabolic status and milk production of early lactating dairy cows exposed to warm environment. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale 1996; 90(1): 43-55.
  • 23. Hall MB. Heat stress alters ruminal fermentation and digesta characteristics, and behavior in lactating dairy cattle. In; Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Rumin. Physiol. Wageningen, Netherlands. August, 2009; p: 204.
  • 24. Silanikove N. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Livestock Production Science 1992; 30: 175–194.
  • 25. Bouraoui R, Lahmar M, Majdoub A, Djemali M, Belyea R. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research 2002; 51: 479-491. doi: 10.1051/animres:2002036.
  • 26. Wheelock JB, Rhoads RP, Van Baale MJ, Sanders, SR, Baumgard LH. Effect of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 644-655. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2295.
  • 27. West JW. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2003; 86(6): 2131-2144. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X.
  • 28. Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U. Climatic effects on productive traits in livestock. Veterinary Research Communucations 2006; 30: 75-81. doi: 10.1007/s11259-006-0016-x.
  • 29. Singh M, Chaudhari BK, Singh JK, Singh AK, Maurya PK. Effects of thermal load on buffalo reproductive performance during summer season. Journal of Biological Sciences 2013; 1: 1-8.
  • 30. Hein KG, Allrich RD. Influence of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone on estrous behavior in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1992; 70: 243-247.
  • 31. Cavestany D, El-Whishy AB, Foot RH. Effect of season and high environmental temperature on fertility of Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1985; 68: 1471-1478
  • 32. Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS. Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2006; 84: 3415-3420. doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-611.
  • 33. Polsky L, Von Keyserlingk MA. Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 2017; 100: 8645-8657. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12651.
  • 34. Yavuz HM, Biricik H. Süt sığırlarının sıcak stresinde beslenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2009; 28; 1-7.
  • 35. Berman A. Invited review: are adaptations present to support dairy cattle productivity in warm climates? Journal of Dairy Science 2011; 94: 2147–2158. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3962.
  • 36. Stermer RA, Brasington CF, Coppock CE, Lanham JK, Milam KZ. Effect of drinking water temperature on heat stress of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 1986; 69: 546–551. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80436-2.
  • 37. Milam KZ, Coppock CE, West JW, Lanham JK, Nave DH, et al. Effects of drinking water temperature on production responses in lactating Holstein cows in summer. Journal of Dairy Science 1986; 69: 1013–1019.
  • 38. Conte G, Ciampolini R, Cassandro M, Lasagna E, Calamari L, et al. Feeding and nutrition management of heat-stressed dairy ruminants. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2018; 17(3): 604-620. doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2017.1404944.
  • 39. Reynolds CK, Tyrrell HF, Reynolds PJ. Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on energy metabolism in growing beef heifers: whole body energy and nitrogen balance and visceral heat production. Journal of Nutrition 1991; 121: 994–1003.
  • 40. West JW, Hill GM, Mandebvu P, Fernandez JM, Mullinix BG. Effects of dietary fiber on intake, milk yield, and digestion by lactating dairy cows during cool or hot, humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science 1999; 82: 2455–2465. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75497-4.
  • 41. Kanjanapruthipong J, Homwong N, Buatong N. Effects of prepartum roughage neutral detergent fiber levels on periparturient dry matter intake, metabolism, and lactation in heat-stressed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 2589–2597. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2424.
  • 42. Kamal TH, Johnson HD. Whole body 40K loss as a predictor of heat tolerance in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 1970; 53: 1734–1738.
  • 43. Huber JT, Higginbotham G, Gomez-Alarcon RA, Taylor RB, Chen KH, et al. Heat stress interactions with protein, supplemental fat, and fungal cultures. Journal of Dairy Science 1994; 77: 2080–2090.
  • 44. Lobley CG, Connell A, Buchan V. Administration of testosterone to wether lambs: effect on protein and energy metabolism and growth hormone status. Journal of Endocrinolgy 1987; 115: 439-445. 45. Hahn GL. Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science 1999; 77(Suppl. 2): 10–20.
  • 46. Knapp M, Grummer RR. Response of lactating dairy cows to fat supplementation during heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 1991; 74: 2573–2579.
  • 47. Kronfeld DS, Donoghue S, Naylor JM, Johnson K, Bradley CA. Metabolic effects of feeding protected tallow to dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 1980; 63: 545–552.
  • 48. Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC. Fat in lactation rations: review. Journal of Dairy Science 1980; 63: 1–14.
  • 49. Lin H, Jiao HC, Buyse J, Decuypere E. Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 2006; 62: 71–86.
  • 50. Sordillo LM, Shafer-Weaver K, Derosa D. Immunobiology of the mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 1997; 80: 1851–1865.
  • 51. Calamari L, Maianti MG, Amendola F, Lombardi G. On some aspects of the oxidative status and on antioxidants of dairy cows during summer. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress; Jun 21–24; Piacenza; Ed. Franco Angeli, Milano, Italy,1999; p: 449-451.
  • 52. Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Ronchi B, Nardone A. Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Animal Research 2002; 51: 25–33. doi:10.1051/animres:2002006.
  • 53. Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW. Selenium and Vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Experimental Physiology 2016; 101: 801–810. doi: 10.1113/EP085746.
  • 54. Zimbelman RB, Baumgard LH, Collier RJ. Effects of encapsulated niacin on evaporative heat loss and body temperature in moderately heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2010; 93: 2387–2394. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2557.
  • 55. Mirzaei M, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Rahmani HR, Nikkhah A. Chromium improves production and alters metabolism of early lactation cows in summer. Journal of Animal Physiolgy and Animal Nutrition 2011; 95: 81–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01007.x.
  • 56. Piva G, Belladonna S, Fusconi G, Sicbaldi F. Effects of yeast on dairy cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood components, and milk manufacturing properties. Journal of Dairy Science 1993; 76: 2717–2722.
  • 57. Bach A, Iglesias C, Devant M. Daily rumen pH pattern of loose-housed dairy cattle as affected by feeding pattern and live yeast supplementation. Animal Feed and Science Technology 2007; 136: 146-153. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09.011.
  • 58. Bruno RG, Rutigliano SHM, Cerri RL, Robinson PH, Santos JEP. Effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of dairy cows during summer heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009; 150: 175–186. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.001.
  • 59. Shwartz G, Rhoads ML, Dawson KA, Vanbaale MJ, Rhoads RP. Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2009; 92: 935–942. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1496.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Samet Köse 0000-0002-4480-7987

Pınar Saçaklı 0000-0003-1363-2210

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Köse S, Saçaklı P. Süt İneklerinde Sıcak Stresinin Etkileri ve Beslenme Stratejileri. Bozok Vet Sci. 2021;2(2):41-6.