LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS AS AN ENTERIC PATHOGEN IN HORSES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 73 - 77, 29.12.2023

Alper Mete

https://doi.org/10.58833/bozokvetsci.1395510

Öz

Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is a disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, that can present with severe clinical findings, especially in foals under 1 year of age, and usually asymptomatically and rarely with clinical findings in horses over 1 year of age. While transmission of the agent can occur via fecal-oral route from symptomatic and/or asymptomatic foals and adult horses, domestic and wild animals such as pigs, cats, dogs, rabbits, opossums, skunks, mice, and jackals can also play a role in the shedding and transmission of the agent by acting as reservoirs. Clinical findings of the disease include high fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic, weight loss and associated developmental delay. In diagnosis, methods such as hypoproteinemia, thickening of the small intestine wall on ultrasound examination, positive serology and detection of the agent in the stool by molecular methods are used along with clinical findings. In antimicrobial treatment, macrolide group antibiotics and their combinations such as rifampin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and doxycillin are generally used. In facilities where the disease is endemic, monitoring foals for clinical findings, measuring serum protein and albumin levels at certain periods, and performing serological examinations are important within the scope of prevention and control measures. This review article aims to provide information about the etiological characteristics of L. intracellularis and the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, methods used in diagnosis, treatment methods and prevention and control measures of the disease caused by the agent.

Anahtar Kelimeler

horse, enteric pathogen, Lawsonia intracellularis, infectious disease

ATLARDA ENTERİK PATOJEN OLARAK LAWSONİA İNTRACELLULARİS

Öz

Proliferatif enteropati (PE) zorunlu hücre içi bakteri türü olan Lawsonia intracellularis tarafından oluşturulan özellikle 1 yaş altındaki taylarda şiddetli klinik bulgularla, 1 yaş üstü atlarda da genellikle asemptomatik olarak, nadiren de klinik bulgularla izleyebilen bir hastalıktır. Etken bulaşması semptomatik ve/veya asemptomatik taylardan ve erişkin atlardan fekal-oral yolla olabileceği gibi domuz, kedi, köpek, tavşan, keseli sıçangiller, kokarca, fare, çakal gibi evcil ve vahşi hayvanların da rezervuar görevi üstlenerek etkenin saçılmasında ve bulaştırılmasında rol oynayabilmektedir. Hastalıkta klinik bulgular olarak yüksek ateş, letarji, periferal ödem, ishal, kolik, kilo kaybı ve buna bağlı gelişme geriliği gibi bulgular görülmektedir. Teşhiste, klinik bulgularla birlikte hipoproteinemi, ultrason muayenesinde ince bağırsak duvarında kalınlaşma görülmesi, pozitif seroloji ve etkenin dışkıda moleküler yöntemlerle tespiti gibi yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Antimikrobiyal tedavide genellikle makrolid grupları antibiyotikler olmak üzere bunların rifampin, kloramfenikol, oksitetrasiklin ve doksisilin kombinasyonları kullanılmaktadır. Hastalığın endemik görüldüğü tesislerde tayların klinik bulgular yönünden izlenmesi, belirli periyotlarda serum protein ve albümin seviyelerin ölçülmesi ve serolojik yoklamaların yapılması korunma ve kontrol önlemleri kapsamında önemlidir. Bu derleme makalesi ile L. intracellularis’in etiyolojik özellikleri ile etkenin neden olduğu hastalığın epidemiyolojisi, patogenezi, klinik bulguları, teşhiste kullanılan metotlar, tedavi yöntemleri ile korunma ve kontrol tedbirleri hakkında bilgi sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

at, enterik patojen, Lawsonia intracellularis, enfeksiyöz hastalık

Kaynakça

• 1. Pusterla N, Gebhart CJ, Lavoie JP, Drolet R. Lawsonia intracellularis. Sellon DC, Long MT, eds. In: Equine Infectious Diseases. Second edition. St. Louis, Missouri; Elsevier: 2014; pp.316-320.
• 2. Frazer ML. Lawsonia intracellularis infection in horses: 2005-2007. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2008; 22: 1243–1248. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0160.x.
• 3. Metiner K, Mete A, Erol E. Molecular and serological investigation of Lawsonia intracellularis in weanling foals in Türkiye. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2023; 70(4): 395-400.
• 4. Van der Kolk JH, VEJB Kroeze. Infectious Diseases of the Horse Diagnosis, Pathology, Management, and Public Health. First Edition. Londra: Manson Publishing, 2013; p. 44.
• 5. Caleffo T, Dahm V, dos Santos JG, Cheng AC, Faccin M, et al. Occurance of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses raised in three regions of the state of Parana, Brazil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina 2021; 42(5): 2867-2876.
• 6. Niwa H, Higuchi T, Fujii S, Kinoshita Y, Uchida-Fujii E, et al. Prevalence of equine proliferative enteropathy in Hidaka district, Hokkaido, over five seasons. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2022; 33(4): 71-74.
• 7. Oh Y, Hossain MM, Cho HS. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Lawsonia intracellularis from asymtomatic horses in Korea. Thailand Journal of Veterinay Medicine 2017; 47(4): 543-549.
• 8. McGurrin MKJ, Vengust M, Arroyo LG, Baird JD. An outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in a standardbred herd in Ontario. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 2007; 48: 927-930. pmid: 17966333.
• 9. Merlo JL, Sheats MK, Elce Y, Hunter S, Breuhaus BA. Outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis on a standardbred farm in North Carolina. Equine Veterinary Education 2009; 21: 179–182.
• 10. Loublier C, Cerri S, Gryspeerdt A, Amory H, Bauwens C, et al. High seroprevalence against Lawsoina intracellularis among adult horses in Belgium. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2020; 95: 95.
• 11. Al-Ghamdi M. Characterization of proliferative enteropathy in horses, Doktora Tezi, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 2003.
• 12. Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Fujii EU, Nukada T. Genotyping of equine Lawsonia intracellularis sampled in Japan by using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2021; 96: 103311.
• 13. Pusterla N, Jackson R, Wilson R, Collier J, Mapes S, et al. Temporal detection of Lawsonia intracellularis using serology and real-time PCR in Thoroughbred horses residing on a farm endemic for equine proliferative enteropathy. Veterinary Microbiology 2009; 136: 173-176.
• 14. Pusterla N, Collier J, Mapes SM, Wattanaphasak S, Gebhart C. Effects of administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis on mares and foals. Veterinary Record 2009; 164: 783-785.
• 15. Page AE, Slovis NM, Horohov DW. Lawsonia intracellularis and equine proliferative enteropathy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2014; 30(3): 641-658.
• 16. Jordan DM, Knittel JP, Schwartz KJ. A Lawsonia intracellularis transmission study using a pure culture inoculated seeder-pig sentinel model. Veterinary Microbiology 2004; 104: 83-90.
• 17. Bednar V. Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in mice captured in pig farms with the occurence of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Proceeedings of the 19th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress. 2006; Kopenhagen-Denmark.
• 18. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Rejmanek D, Gebhart C. Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR in the feces of free living animals from equine farms with documented occurence of equine proliferative enteropathy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2008; 44: 992-998.
• 19. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart C. Further investigation of exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy. Veterinary Journal 2012; 194: 253-255.
• 20. De Cecco, BS, Kemper RT, De Sousa SH, Leite-Filho RV, Sale sa Cruz RA, et al. Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in rabbits in Southern Brazil. Emina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina 2020; 5(1): 2439-2436.
• 21. Yeh JY. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: a serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023; 10: 1058113.
• 22. Collins AM, Fell S, Pearson H, Toribio J-A. Colonisation and shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally inoculated rodents and in wild rodents on pig farms. Veterinary Microbiology 2011; 150: 384-388.
• 23. Pusterla N. Vanucci FA, Mapes MS, Nogradi N, Collier JR, et al. Evaluation of an avirulent live vaccine against Lawsonia intracellularis in the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2012; 73: 741-746.
• 24. Lavoie JP, Drolet R, Parsons D, Leguillette R, Sauvageau R, et al. Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhoea and hypoproteinemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada. Equine Veterinary Journal 2000; 32: 418-425.
• 25. Collins A. Love RJ, Pozo J, Smith S. Studies on the ex vivo survival of Lawsonia intracellularis. Journal of Swine Health and Production 2000; 8: 211-215.
• 26. McOrist S, Jasni S, Mackie RA, Berschneider HM, Rowland AC, et al. Entry of the bacterium ileal symbiont intracellularis into cultured enterocytes and its subsequent release. Research in Veterinary Science 1995; 59: 255-260.
• 27. Alberdi MP, Watson E, McAllister GE, Harris JD, Paxton EA, et al. Expression by Lawsonia intracellularis of type III secretion system components during infection. Veterinary Microbiology 2009; 139: 298-303.
• 28. Smith DG, Mitchell SC, Nash T, Rhind S. Gamma interferon influences intestinal epithelial hyperplasia caused by Lawsonia intracellularis infection in mice. Infection and Immunity 2000; 68: 6737–6743.
• 29. Lawson GH, Gebhart CJ. Proliferative enteropathy. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2000; 122: 77–100.
• 30. Pusterla N, Wattanaphansak S, Mapes S, Collier J, Hill J, et al. Oral infection of weanling foals with an equine isolate of Lawsonia intracellularis, agent of equine proliferative enteropathy. Journal of Veterinary Interlan Medicine 2010; 24: 622-627.