Attitudes toward Language and Cultural Pluralism in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Öz

The multilingualism on the territory of Russian Federation, in particular in the ethnic-dominated republics, is very significant phenomena. This paper firstly reviews linguistic accommodation of ethnic groups living in Bashkortostan and the case of “ethnic/linguistic competition” between Tatars and Bashkirs. Second, the paper explores federal and regional legislations and its practice promoting multilingualism and supporting linguistic diversity on the territory of Russian Federation. Thirdly, the paper reviews the development and role of national minorities´ linguistic rights, in particular cultural rights and rights to education in mother tongue, in the construction of national communities and their identities. The article provides detailed illustrations from range of ethnic communities living in Bashkortostan. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bashkortostan, Russian Federation, multilingualism, linguistic rights

Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti’nde Dil ve Kültürel Çoğulculuğa Dönük Tutumlar

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu’nda, özellikle bir etnik grubun yoğun yaşadığı cumhuriyetlerde, çok dillilik önemli bir olgudur. Bu makale Başkurdistan’da yaşayan etnik grupların dil konusunda uzlaşmalarını Tatarlar ve Başkurdlar üzerinden incelemektedir. İkinci olarak, makale Rusya Federasyonu’nda çok dilliliği teşvik eden ve dil farklılıklarını destekleyen federal ve bölgesel yasaları tartışmaktadır. Üçüncü olarak, makale ulusal azınlıkların dil haklarının gelişimini ve ulusal topluluklar ve bu toplulukların kimliklerinin oluşumundaki rolünü ele almaktadır. Makale Başkurdistan’da yaşayan birçok etnik grup hakkında bilgi sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Başkurdistan, Rusya Federasyonu, çok dillilik, dil hakları

Kaynakça

1. Act of Government of RB Nr. 413 issued December 31, 1999.
2. Act of the Government of RB Nr 86 adopted April 9,2007.
3. Constitution of the Republic Bashkortostan adopted December 24, 1993. Accessed
4. November 30, 2009. http://www.gsrb.ru/MainLeftMenu/ZakonoTvorch/Zakoni/ vs-22_15.php.
5. Decree of President of Republic of Bashkortostan Nr. UP- 34 adopted January 28, 2010.
6. Federal Law Nr 31-FZ “About a National-Cultural Autonomy” adopted on March 21, 2002.
7. Federal Law Nr 3612-I “The Bases of the Legislation about Culture” adopted October 9, 1992.
8. Federal Law Nr. 53-FZ “About a State Language of the Russian Federation” adopted June 2, 2005.

9. Federal Law of Russian Federation Nr 84-FL “About Ratification of the Frame Convention on Protection of National Minorities” adopted June 18, 1998
10. Law of Republic of Bashkortostan Nr 63-z “On the National Symbols of Bashkortostan Republic” adopted on May 27, 1999.
11. Law of the Republic Bashkortostan Nr 74-Z “About Languages in Republic of Bashkortostan” adopted April 5, 2004. Accessed December 12, 2009. http:// minprom.bashkortostan.ru/Docs/19990215_zakon.htm.
12. The Statement of the Government’s Commission Session about Realization on Law “About Languages in Republic Bashkortostan” adopted May 15, 2009.
13. Accessed on November 23, 2009. http://www.bashpred.ru/new.php?id_n=8049.
14. The Statement of the Tatar Public Centre of Republic Bashkortostan issued on October 23, 2002. Accessed February 27, 2010. http://tatar-bashkort.narod.ru/ tb-0htm
15. Interesy tatar Bashkirii - ne predmet dlya torga i spekulyatsiy“. Novosti Ufimskoy gubernii, November 2, 2009. Accessed November 2, 2009.
16. BASSR´ Statistic. 1990. Natsional’nyy sostav naseleniya Bashkirskoy ASSR po rezul’tatam Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya v 1989 godu. Ufa.
17. Gabdrafikov Ildar. 2007. „Fenomen Bashkortostana: ot «tragicheskoy demografii» k «zakonomernoy rekonfiguratsii chislennosti». Etnograficheskoye obozreniye 5: 116
18. Gorenburg, Dmitry. 1999. “Identity Change in Bashkortostan: Tatars into Bashkirs and Back”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (3): 554-80.
19. Gulina Olga. 2005. Pravo na ravenstvo v kontekste yazykovykh prav natsional’nykh men’shinstv. Ufa: Bashgu.
20. Information Agency of Republic Bashkortostan – Bashinform. 2009. Accessed
21. June 26, 2010. http://www.bashinform.ru.
22. Lossiyevskiy Mikhail V. 1883. Byloye Bashkirii i bashkir po legendam, predaniyam i khronikam. Spravochnaya knizhka Ufimskoy gubernii. Vol.3(Ufa).
23. Nekrasova Y.“Delo za roditelyami“. Novosti Ufimskoy gubernii. October 30, 200 Accessed December 2, 2009. http://www.ufagubnews.ru/2009/10/30/4877/
24. Official Census Results in Russian Federation of 2002. Accessed November 23, 200 http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=11.
25. Official web-page of Ministry of Culture and National Policy of RB. Accessed February 11, 2010.http://www.mknprb.ru/?part_id=291&news_id=726.
26. Official webpage of the Republic Bashkortostan- Bashkortostan. Accessed on February 12, 2010. http://www.bashkortostan450.ru/culture/kultura-narodov/ mariic/
27. Podlesnykh Oleg N. 2001 Analiticheskiy obzor Plyuralizm rezhimov zashchity prav men’shinstv v sub”yektakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Accessed November 30, 200 http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/43787.
28. Puchkova Maria. 2004. Sootvetstviye konstitutsii i tekushchego zakonodatel’stva
29. RF mezhdunarodnym obyazatel’stvam RF v oblasti zashchity natsional’nykh men’shinstv. Uluchsheniye mezhetnicheskikh otnosheniy i razvitiye tolerantnosti v Rossii. Moskva: 105-149. Sibagatov Radik G. 2002. Bashkortostan Tatarlary . Tel, tarikh , medeniyat mes’elelere. Kazan’: Magarif.
30. Stepanov Valery. 2009. Preservation and Development of Cultural Plurality:
31. The Russian Approach. Accessed November 30, 2009.http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/ monitoring/minorities/6_resources/PDF_RussSem_Pres_VStepanov_en.pdf
32. The Government Program “Folks of Bashkortostan” for 2003-2012, adopted by
33. Government № 388 on 31st December, 31, 2002. Accessed January 11, 2010. http://www.minjust.bashkortostan.ru/programm.html.
34. The Statement of the Tatar Public Centre of Republic Bashkortostan issued on October 23, 2002. Accessed February 27, 2010. http://tatar-bashkort.narod.ru/ tb-0htm.
35. Tishkov Valery, Stepanov Valery. 2004. Russian Census 2002: The Ethnic
36. Dimension”. Scientific Research Project on Nationality and Language in the All- Russian Census of 2002, Network for Ethnic Monitoring and Early Warning.
37. Accessed January 15, 2009.http://www.eawarn.ru/EN/pub/Projects/EthnoCensus/ tishkov-stepanov_win.htm.
38. Ministersto obrazovaniya i kulturi. 2009. Osnovnyye pokazateli obrazovaniya i kul’tury v Respublike Bashkortostan: statisticheskiy sbornik, Ufa: Bashkortostanstat: 50-58.
39. Ilishev Ildus G. 2006. “Natsional’naya politika v Rossiyskoy Federatsii v svete mezhdunarodnykh nauchnykh i pravovykh standartov”. Vatandash. Nr.2: 5-11.
40. Vorob’yev Denis, Grushkin Dmitry. 1999. Ideya natsional’noy gosudarstvennosti i problemy etnicheskoy diskriminatsii v Respublike Bashkortostan, Moskva.
41. Accesed December 2, 2009. http://www.memo.ru/d/619.html
42. The Census of Russian Federation of 2002. Vol. 4: “National Structure and Possession of Languages and Citizenship”. Accessed December 12, 2009.http:// www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17.