Determination of Genetic Diversity in Sugar Beet Using ISSR Markers

Öz

This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 18 sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes using ISSR molecular markers. Initially, 18 ISSR primers were screened, of which six were selected based on their polymorphism and amplification efficiency. A total of 41 bands were scored, 29 of which were polymorphic, resulting in a polymorphism rate of 75.83%. Genetic similarity coefficients calculated using Jaccard’s index were used to generate a UPGMA dendrogram, revealing both closely related and highly divergent genotypes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed these results, indicating a complex genetic structure with potential heterotic pools. genotypes SB-7 and SB-17, which showed the highest similarity (0.806) in the UPGMA dendrogram, were also positioned in close proximity on the PCA plot. In contrast, genotypes SB-2 and SB-15, which demonstrated the lowest genetic similarity (0.461), occupied distant locations along the principal axes, reinforcing their genetic divergence. STRUCTURE software was employed to analyze population structure, showing that some genotypes exhibited high genetic purity while others displayed admixture. The findings underscore the effectiveness of ISSR markers in evaluating genetic variation and provide valuable insights for future sugar beet breeding programs aimed at improving adaptability, productivity, and genetic resource conservation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beta vulgaris
• ISSR markers
• Genetic diversity
• UPGMA
• Structure analysis

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because there was no study on animals or humans.

Kaynakça

1. Baloch FS, Guizado SJV, Altaf MT, Yüce I, Çilesiz Y, Bedir M, ... Gómez JCC. 2022. Applicability of inter-primer binding site iPBS-retrotransposon marker system for the assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Peruvian rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) germplasm. Mol Biol Rep, 49(4): 2553-2564.
2. Çetin B, Sevindik E, Özkara Z, Filiz E, Baş E. 2025. ISSR marker based genetic variation analysis in the riparian relict tree pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) genotypes in Türkiye. Biol Bull, 52(2): 66.
3. Çilesiz Y, Altaf MT, Nadeem MA, Ali A, Sesiz U, Alsaleh A, ... & Baloch FS. 2025. Identification of phenotypic diversity and dartseq loci associated with vitamin a contents in Turkish common bean germplasm through GWAS. Plants, 14(5): 776.
4. Çilesiz Y. 2025a. Utilization of Rapd markers for determining genetic diversity in sugar beet. ISPEC J Agric Sci, 9(3): 936-946.
5. Çilesiz Y. 2025b. Examination of genetic diversity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) using SCoT molecular markers. Int J Agric Environ Food Sci, 9(3): 648-653.
6. Çilesiz Y. 2025c. Genetic diversity assessment of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from inner Anatolia region Türkiye using ISSR and RAPD markers. Sci Rep, 15(1): 30850.
7. Çilesiz Y. 2025d. Determination of genetic diversity of some soybean genotypes through SCoT markers. MAS J Appl Sci, 10(3): 615-626.
8. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.

9. El-Mouhamady ABA, Al-Kordy MA, Elewa TAF. 2021. Elucidation of genetic diversity among some accessions of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Bull Natl Res Cent, 45(1): 166.
10. Ferweez H, Bashandy T. 2021. Screening for drought tolerance and molecular variability among some sugar beet cultivars. SVU-Int J Agric Sci, 3(4): 20-29.
11. Ghazy NA, El-Mageed A, Amal M, Sabry SA, Emam MA, Mahmoud SA. 2022. Evaluation of powdery mildew disease resistance of eight sugar beet varieties using agronomic traits and ISSR markers. Environ Biodivers Soil Security, 6(2022): 91-101.
12. Izzatullayeva V, Akparov Z, Babayeva S, Ojaghi J, Abbasov M. 2014. Efficiency of using RAPD and ISSR markers in evaluation of genetic diversity in sugar beet. Turk J Biol, 38(4): 429-438.
13. Karaköy T, Toklu F, Karagöl ET, Uncuer D, Çilesiz Y, Ali A, ... Özkan H. 2024. Genome-wide association studies revealed DArTseq loci associated with agronomic traits in Turkish faba bean germplasm. Genet Resour Crop Evol, 71(1): 181-198.
14. Keykhosravi H, Dehdari M, Masoomi Asl A. 2017. Evaluation of genetic diversity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes using ISSR markers. Agric Biotechnol J, 9(2): 127-141.
15. Kovach WL. 2007. MVSP-A MultiVariate Statistical Package for Windows, ver. 3.1. Kovach Comp Serv, Pentraeth Wales, UK, pp: 1-7.
16. Küçük R, Sevindik E, Çayır ME, Murathan ZT. 2024. Genetic variation among Brassica rapa subsp. rapa genotypes growing in Malatya/Türkiye. Genet Resour Crop Evol, 71(8): 4739-4747.
17. Ouchar MAA, Dağ B, Aytekin İ. 2023. HaeIII polymorphism of growth hormone (GH-1) gene in some goat breeds reared in turkey by using PCR-RFLP method. ISPEC J Agric Sciences, 7(3): 693-700.
18. Ovalıoglu G, Çilesiz Y. 2025. SCoT marker-based evaluation of genetic diversity in selected walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions. Int J Agric Environ Food Sci, 9(2): 570-576.
19. Roldan-Ruiz I, Dendauw J, Van Bockstaele E, Depicker A, De Loose M. 2000. AFLP markers reveal high polymorphic rates in ryegrasses (Lolium spp.). Mol Breed, 6: 125–134.
20. Sadık G, Yıldız M, Taşkın B, Koçak M, Cavagnaro PF, Baloch FS. 2025. Application of iPBS-retrotransposons markers for the assessment of genetic diversity and population structure among sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) germplasm from different regions of the world. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol, 72(3): 3039-3049.
21. Şahin NK. 2024. Stimulatory effects of different seed priming treatments on germination and early seedling growth of Sugar beet. ISPEC J Agric Sci, 8(4): 1056-1067.
22. Sayed Ibrahim A, Çelik C, Karakurt Y, Sevindik E. 2024. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization of some cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes. Int J Veg Sci, 30(6): 673-694.
23. Sen A, Alikamanoglu S. 2012. Analysis of drought-tolerant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) mutants induced with gamma radiation using SDS-PAGE and ISSR markers. Mutation Res/Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen, 738: 38-44.
24. Sevindik E, Okan K, Sevindik M, Ercisli S. 2023. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) populations using RAPD, ISSR markers and nrDNA ITS regions. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(2): 311-320.
25. Sevindik E, Yangılar F, Atasagun B, Sofyalıoğlu E, Şimşek SA, Çayır ME, Vivodík M. 2024. Genetic diversity and structure analysis of ‘Ak Sakı’and ‘Kara Sakı’apple cultivars growing in Erzincan/Türkiye. Biol Nyssana, 15(2): 61-68.
26. Shimira F, Boyaci HF, Çilesiz Y, Nadeem MA, Baloch FS, Taşkin H. 2021. Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of scarlet eggplant germplasm from Rwanda through iPBS-retrotransposon markers. Mol Biol Rep, 48(9): 6323-6333.
27. Sönmez E, Çilesiz Y. 2025. Genetic variation analysis of selected grape (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions through SCoT markers. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci, 39(2): 418-426.
28. Srivastava S, Gupta PS, Saxena VK, Srivastava HM. 2007. Genetic diversity analysis in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) using isozymes, RAPD and ISSR markers. Cytologia, 72(3), 265-274.
29. Sun B, Li S, Pi Z, Wu Z, Wang R. 2024. Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of exotic sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties using three molecular markers. Plants, 13(21): 2954.
30. Susar A, Şatana A. 2024. Investigating the Impacts of Nitrogen Doses and Rhizobacteria on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Yield and Quality Parameters for Sustainable Cultivation. ISPEC J Agric Sci, 8(3): 789-803.
31. Tan U, Arabacı O. 2024. Molecular Genetic Diversity of 12 Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Genotypes: EST-SSR Marker Analyses. ISPEC J Agric Sci, 8(3): 780-788.
32. Temrel TM, Çilesiz Y. 2025. Investigation of genetic polymorphism in selected thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) accessions using SCoT molecular markers. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci, 39(2): 459-466.
33. Turgut AO, Koca D. 2024. Melatonin Receptor 1A (MTNR1A) Gene polymorphism in cross-bred hamdani sheep: a preliminary study. ISPEC J Agric Sci, 8(1): 127-133.
34. Wu X, Pi Z, Li S, Wu Z. 2024. Exploring sampling strategies and genetic diversity analysis of red beet germplasm resources using ssr markers. Hortic, 10(9): 1008.
35. Yeh FC, Yang R, Boyle TJ, Ye Z, Xiyan JM. 2000. PopGene32. Microsoft Windows-based freeware for population genetic analysis, version 1.32. In: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp: 7-16.
36. Yıldız A, Hajyzadeh M, Ozbek K, Nadeem MA, Hunter D. 2021. Molecular characterisation of the oldest domesticated Turkish einkorn wheat landraces with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip, 35(1): 1291–1300.
37. Zhao JJ, Sun LL, Pi Z, Li SN, Wu ZD. 2025. Genetic diversity analysis of 89 monogerm maintainer lines of sugar beet. Sugar Tech, 27(3): 873-887.