Comparison of Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacities of Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Pistacia vera L., Prunus dulcis and Rhus coriaria L. Leaves

Öz

Pistacia vera L., Prunus dulcis, and Rhus coriaria L. are among the plants frequently cultivated in the Gaziantep region of Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic content of ethanol and methanol extracts of the leaves of these three plants at different concentrations using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power), and CUPRAC (Cu2+ Ion Reducing) methods. Ethanol and methanol extracts were obtained from the leaves of Pistacia vera L., Prunus dulcis, and Rhus coriaria L. The Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) was used to determine the total phenolic component levels in these three plants. DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC techniques were used to evaluate antioxidant activities. To calculate the equivalent antioxidant capacity of the extracts, different reference sample concentrations in the range of 50, 125, and 250 g/mL were prepared. As a result, it was found that the antioxidant capacity increased with concentration. The FRAP test and total phenolic content were found to be highest in the methanol extract of the P. vera L. plant. It was found that the inhibition value of P. vera L. leaves in the ethanol extract was high. It has been determined that the ethanol extract of R. coriaria L. leaves has the highest reducing property for Cu2+ using the CUPRAC method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioxidant
• Pistacia vera L.
• Prunus dulcis
• Rhus coriaria L. Total phenolic content

Kaynakça

1. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Al-Assali AA, Jamous RM.2013. Antimicrobial activity of Palestinian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Afr J Microbiol Res, 7 (21): 2560-2573.
2. Aytar M, Boncooğlu RY, Erdoğan Ö, Başbülbül G, Öztürk B. 2024. Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, wound healing potentials and LC-MS/MS analysis of water extract of Rhus coriaria L. (sumak) leaves. Food Biosci, 60: 104400.
3. Bardakçı Ö. 2017. Bazı sentetik antioksidanların 2, 2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikal süpürme kapasitesi yöntemi ile antioksidan aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji (Veterinerlik) Ana Bilim Dalı, Aydın, Türkiye, pp: 58.
4. Berryman CE, Preston AG, Karmally W, Deckelbaum RJ, Kris-Etherton PM. 2011. Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol: a discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions. Nutr Rev, 69(4): 171-185.
5. Bolling BW, McKay DL, Blumberg JB. 2010. The phytochemical composition and antioxidant actions of tree nuts. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 19(1): 117.
6. Bottone A, Montoro P, Masullo M, Pizza C, Piacente S. 2018. Metabolomics and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Prunus dulcis Mill. (Italian cvs. Toritto and Avola). J Pharm Biomed Anal, 158: 54-65.
7. Boumaiza R, Snoussi A, Cirkovic-Velickovic T, Bouzouita N. 2016. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of different parts of pistacia vera L. Mediterr J Chem, 6(1): 658-664.
8. Brand-Williams, W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. 1995. Use of a free-radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm. Wiss Technol, 28(1): 25-30.

9. Bursal E, Köksal E. 2011. Evaluation of reducing power and radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts from sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Food Res Int, 44(7): 2217-2221.
10. Capanoglu E, Kamiloglu S, Ozkan G, Apak R. 2018. Evaluation of antioxidant activity/capacity measurement methods for food products. Measure Antioxidant Activ Capacit, 2018: 273-286.
11. Danış Ö, Yuce‐Dursun B, Çimen T, Demir S, Salan Ü, Yalçın G, Ogan A. 2014. Evaluation of Antioxidant, Radical‐Scavenging and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Various Culinary Herbs Cultivated in Southern Turkey. J Food Biochem, 38(6): 602-611.
12. Dreher ML. 2012. Pistachio nuts: composition and potential health benefits. Nutr Rev, 70(4): 234-240.
13. Duysak L, Kasimoğullari S, Baygutalp NK. 2024a. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts Obtained from Morus alba L. (White Mulberry) Leaf. Pharmata, 4(2): 39-45.
14. Duysak L, Şekeroğulları M, Baygutalp NK. 2024b. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different extracts of aronia melanocarpa L. fruit. Pharmata, 4(1): 1-6.
15. Esfahlan AJ, Jamei R, Esfahlan R J. 2010. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food Chem, 120(2): 349-360.
16. Fakir H, Korkmaz M, Güller B. 2009. Medicinal plant diversity of western Mediterrenean region in Turkey. Appl Biosci, 3(2): 33-43.
17. FAO. 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/125b023c-002f-4387-9150-dc7fbbd86cbc/content (accessed date March 12, 2024).
18. FAO. 2024. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. URL: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/4256ac5c-fef3-4f02-9965-8f7f36a22927/content (accessed date March 12, 2024)
19. Ferguson L, Polito V, Kallsen C. 2005. The pistachio tree; botany and physiology and factors that affect yield. Pistachio production manual, 4th ed. Davis, CA, University of California Fruit & Nut Research Information Center, California, USA, pp: 31-39.
20. Gabr SA, Alghadir AH. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antifungal activities of bioactive fractions from leaves of Rhus coriaria (SUMAC). J Pure Appl Microbiol, 9(1): 559-565.
21. Gentile C, Tesoriere L, Butera D, Fazzari M, Monastero M, Allegra M, Livrea M A. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Sicilian pistachio (Pistacia vera L. var. Bronte) nut extract and its bioactive components. J Agric Food Chem, 55(3): 643-648.
22. Goli AH, Barzegar M, Sahari MA. 2005. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food Chem, 92(3): 521-525.
23. Grassia M, Sarghini F, Bruno M, Cinquanta L, Scognamiglio M, Pacifico, S, Fiorentino A, Geraci A, Schicchi R, Corona O. 2021. Chemical composition and microencapsulation suitability of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit extract. Eur Food Res Technol, 247: 1133-1148.
24. Gulmez M, Oral N, Vatansever L. 2006. The effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and lactic acid on decontamination and shelf life of raw broiler wings. Poult Sci, 85(8): 1466-1471.
25. Hosseinzadeh H, Tabassi SAS., Moghadam NM, Rashedinia M, Mehri S. 2012. Antioxidant activity of Pistacia vera fruits, leaves and gum extracts. Iran J Pharm Res, 11(3): 879.
26. Huang DJ, Ou BX, Prior RL. 2005. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem, 53(6): 1841-1856.
27. Ibrahım NJ, Mayı AA. 2023. Effect of cultivaris, budding dates, kinetin, and their interaction on the budding and vegetative growth characteristics of pistachio transplants “pistacia vera l.”. J Duhok Univ, 26(2): 12-19.
28. Joseph G, Koltai H, Ron EZ, Azzam N, Hazan H, Raskin I, Biran D. 2023. Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) leaves harbour robust antimicrobial activity. J Herb Med, 41: 100729.
29. Kamil A, Chen CYO. 2012. Health benefits of almonds beyond cholesterol reduction. J Agric Food Chem, 60(27): 6694-6702.
30. Landaverde-Mejia K, Dufoo-Hurtado E, Camacho-Vega D, Maldonado-Celis M E, Mendoza-Diaz, S, Campos-Vega R. 2024. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) consumption improves cognitive performance and mood in overweight young adults: A pilot study. Food Chem, 457: 140211.
31. Liu Y, Blumberg JB, Chen C-Y O. 2014. Quantification and bioaccessibility of California pistachio bioactives. J Agric Food Chem, 62(7): 1550-1556.
32. Mandalari G, Barreca D, Gervasi T, Roussell MA, Klein B, Feeney MJ, Carughi A. 2021. Pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.): Production, nutrients, bioactives and novel health effects. Plants, 11(1): 18.
33. Nezami E, Gallego PP. 2023. History, phylogeny, biodiversity, and new computer-based tools for efficient micropropagation and conservation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) germplasm. Plants, 12(2): 323.
34. Özçelik H. 1987. Akseki yöresinde doğal olarak yetişen bazı faydalı bitkilerin yerel adları ve kullanılışları. Doğa Türk Botan Derg, 11(3): 316-321.
35. Özhatay N, Koçak S. 2011. Plants used for medicinal purposes in Karaman province (Southern Turkey). Istanbul J Pharm, 41, 75-89.
36. Perna A, Simonetti A, Grassi G, Gambacorta E. 2018. Effect of αS1-casein genotype on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in goat milk yogurt fortified with Rhus coriaria leaf powder. Int J Dairy Sci, 101(9): 7691-7701.
37. Rao H. 2012. Therapeutic applications of almonds (Prunus amygdalus L.): a review. J Clin Diagn Res, 6(1): 130-135.
38. Schulze-Kaysers N, Feuereisen M, Schieber A. 2015. Phenolic compounds in edible species of the Anacardiaceae family–a review. RSC Advances, 5(89): 73301-73314.
39. Sehitoglu MH, Han H, Kalin P, Gülçin İ, Ozkan A, Aboul-Enein HY. 2015. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) gum: A potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem, 30(2): 264-269.
40. Shabbir A. 2012. Rhus coriaria linn, a plant of medicinal, nutritional and industrial importance: a review. J Anim Plant Sci, 22(2): 505-512.
41. Slinkard K, Singleton VL. 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic, 28 (1): 49-55.
42. Şimşek M. 2018. Production potential and development opportunities of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) grown in Southeastern Turkey. Iğdır Üniv Fen Bilim Enstit Derg, 8(1): 19-22.
43. TAGEM 2020. Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler sektör politika belgesi 2020-2024. URL: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TAGEM/Belgeler/yayin/T%C4%B1bbi%20ve%20Aromatik%20Bitkiler%20SPB.pdf) (accessed date March 12, 2024).
44. Tomaino A, Martorana M, Arcoraci T, Monteleone D, Giovinazzo C, Saija A. 2010. Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of pistachio (Pistacia vera L., variety Bronte) seeds and skins. Biochimie, 92(9): 1115-1122.
45. Torun AA, Bozgeyik S, Duymuş E. 2021. The effect of boron application in increasing doses on shoot boron concentration and uptake of other nutrients of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol, 9(5): 855-862.
46. Tuzlacı E. 2006. Şifa niyetine: Türkiye'nin bitkisel halk ilaçları: Alfa yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye, ss: 848.
47. Tuzlacı E. 2011. Türkiye bitkileri sözlüğü (Genişletilmiş 2. baskı). Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye, ss: 63.
48. Wetherilt W.,Pala, M.1994. Herbs and spices indigenous to Turkey. Develop Food Sci, 34: 285-285.
49. Yücel E, Tapırdamaz A, Şengün İY, Yılmaz G, Ak A. 2011. Kisecik Kasabası Karaman ve çevresinde bulunan bazı yabani bitkilerin kullanım biçimleri ve besin öğesi içeriklerinin belirlenmesi. Biol Divers Conserv, 4(3): 71-82.
50. Zannou O, Oussou KF, Chabi IB, Alamou F, Awad NM, Miassi YE, Redha AA. 2025. Phytochemical and nutritional properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria): a potential ingredient for developing functional foods. J Future Foods, 5(1): 21-35.