Araştırma Makalesi
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Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 124 - 134, 15.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893
https://izlik.org/JA85LG44KJ

Öz

Cities, as complex entities composed of interdependent and multi-layered systems, are inherently vulnerable to both natural disasters and human-induced threats. Nevertheless, they are not only spaces exposed to adverse impacts but also strategic hubs for infrastructure, sustainability, technology, and investment. In the face of evolving economic, social, cultural, and environmental dynamics, ensuring urban resilience against sudden shocks and long-term stresses has become a critical priority. This study, conducted specifically for the province of Rize, focuses on the development of green area action plans aimed at enhancing the resilience of coastal cities. The primary objective is to contribute to the creation of greener and more inclusive urban environments that can sustain their functionality during crises, resist various shock and stress factors, and play a risk-mitigating role. Within this framework, living spaces were evaluated with respect to climate change, urban infrastructure, transportation models, and open-green areas. Urban resilience was analyzed through key parameters including population, climate, residential patterns, open-green spaces, transportation systems, land use, accessibility, and walkable access distances. Based on the findings, strategic recommendations for open-green space planning and the formulation of green area action plans were developed to strengthen the adaptive capacity and sustainability of coastal urban environments.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012303529

Teşekkür

This study was conducted under the scope of a student project supported by TÜBİTAK 2023 Term 1 2209-A (Project No: 1919B012303529). The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to TÜBİTAK for its support.

Kaynakça

  • Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(5), 743–758.
  • Anastasiadis, P., & Metaxas, G. (2010). Sustainable city and risk management. In Proceedings of the 1st WIETE Annual Conference on Engineering and Technology Education (pp. 64–67).
  • Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban “green turn” mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086.
  • Bănică, A., Istrate, M., & Muntele, I. (2020). Towards green resilient cities in Eastern European Union countries. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 12(1), 53–72.
  • Beatley, T., & Boyer, H. (2009). Resilient cities: Responding to peak oil and climate change. Island Press.
  • Beatley, T., & Newman, P. (2013). Biophilic cities are sustainable, resilient cities. Sustainability, 5(8), 3328–3345.
  • Bélissent, J. (2010). Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Forrester Research.
  • Bettencourt, L., & West, G. (2010). A unified theory of urban living. Nature, 467(7318), 912–913.
  • Conzatti, A., Kershaw, T., Copping, A., & Colley, D. (2022). A review of the impact of shelter design on the health of displaced populations. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 7, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-022-00123-0
  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1), 1–X.
  • De Vries, S., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural environments—healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environment and Planning A, 35(10), 1717–1731.
  • Dinçer, A. E., Özeren, Ö., & Yağcı, O. Z. (2022). A lifelong (informal) learning experience in architectural design education: The case of KBU Department of Architecture with competitions. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 7(3), 791–805.
  • Drobniak, A. (2012). The urban resilience–economic perspective. Journal of Economics and Management, 10, 5-20.
  • European Commission. (2013). Green infrastructure (GI) – Enhancing Europe’s natural capital (COM(2013)). https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/green_infrastructures/1_EN_ACT_part1_v5.pdf
  • Gilbert, S. W. (2016). Disaster resilience: A guide to the literature. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143.
  • Grabowski, Z. J., McPhearson, T., & Pickett, S. T. (2023). Transforming US urban green infrastructure planning to address equity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 229, 104591.
  • Griggs, G., & Reguero, B. G. (2021). Coastal adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise. Water, 13(16), 2151.
  • He, X., Lin, M., Chen, T. L., Liu, B., Tseng, P. C., Cao, W., & Chiang, P. C. (2020). Implementation plan for low-carbon resilient city towards sustainable development goals: Challenges and perspectives. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(3), 444–464.
  • Kadić, A., Maljković, B., Rogulj, K., & Pamuković, J. K. (2025). Green infrastructure’s role in climate change adaptation: Summarizing the existing research in the most benefited policy sectors. Sustainability, 17(9), 4178.
  • Kulözü Uzunboy, N., & Sipahi, S. (2020). Mimaride karbon ayak izini azaltmaya yönelik uygulamalı bir ders deneyimi. The Journal of International Social Research, 13(73), 1–X.*
  • Lazaroiu, C., & Roscia, M. (2018). Smart resilient city and IoT towards sustainability of Africa. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) (pp. 1292–1298). IEEE.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49.
  • Miller, S. (2020). Greenspace after a disaster: The need to close the gap with recovery for greater resilience. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86, 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1730223
  • Nielsen, T. S., & Hansen, K. B. (2007). Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators. Health & Place, 13(4), 839–850.
  • Novosadová, L., & van der Knaap, W. (2021). The role of biophilic agents in building a green resilient city: The case of Birmingham, UK. Sustainability, 13(9), 5033.
  • Pakzad, P., & Osmond, P. (2016). Developing a sustainability indicator set for measuring green infrastructure performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 68–79.
  • Paudel, S., & States, S. L. (2023). Urban green areas and sustainability: Exploring the ecosystem services and disservices of grassy lawns versus floral meadows. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 84, 127932.
  • Pauleit, S., Fryd, O., Backhaus, A., & Jensen, M. B. (2020). Green infrastructures to face climate change in an urbanizing world. In Sustainable Built Environment (pp. 207–234).
  • Petrişor, A. I., Hamma, W., Nguyen, H. D., Randazzo, G., Muzirafuti, A., Stan, M. I., & Ianoş, I. (2020). Degradation of coastlines under the pressure of urbanization and tourism: Evidence on the change of land systems from Europe, Asia and Africa. Land, 9(8), 275.
  • Piña, W. A. (2014). Urbanization: Concepts, trends and analysis in three Latin American cities. [Publisher information unavailable].
  • Polat, P., & Sunkar, M. (2017). Rize’nin iklim özellikleri ve Rize çevresinde uzun dönem sıcaklık ve yağış verilerinin trend analizleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(1), 1–24.
  • Roggema, R. (2020). The convenient city: Smart urbanism for a resilient city. In Data-Driven Multivalence in the Built Environment (pp. 1–X). Springer.
  • Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16083–16088.
  • Sipahi, S., & Sipahi, M. (2024). Raw material stage assessment of seating elements as urban furniture and eco-model proposals. Sustainability, 16(10), 4163.
  • Staddon, C., Ward, S., De Vito, L., Zuniga-Teran, A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., & Booth, G. (2018). Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience. Environment Systems and Decisions, 38, 330–338.
  • Straupe, I., & Liepa, L. (2018). The relation of green infrastructure and tourism in urban ecosystem. Research for Rural Development, 1, 111–116.
  • Tabane, E., Ngwira, S. M., & Zuva, T. (2016). Survey of smart city initiatives towards urbanization. In 2016 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Engineering (ICACCE) (pp. 437–440). IEEE.
  • Tidball, K. G., & Aktipis, A. (2018). Feedback enhances greening during disaster recovery: A model of social and ecological processes in neighborhood scale investment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 34, 269–280.
  • Tumini, I., Villagra-Islas, P., & Herrmann-Lunecke, G. J. N. (2017). Evaluating reconstruction effects on urban resilience: A comparison between two Chilean tsunami-prone cities. Natural Hazards, 85, 1363–1392.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Yıllara göre il nüfusları. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • Tyler, S., & Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development, 4(4), 311–326.
  • United Nations. (2014). World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision. United Nations.
  • Valente, S., & Pinho, P. (2025). Adaptive planning approaches for coastal climate adaptation: Process and key elements. Environmental Management, 1–26.
  • Yaman Galantini, Z. D., & Tezer, A. (2018). Resilient urban planning process in question: Istanbul case. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(1), 48–57.
  • Zheng, Y., Yuan, Y., Tian, J., & Zhuang, G. (2024). Urban climate resilient development: Analysis of the potential to build low-carbon-resilient city in China. Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies, 12(4), 2450024.

Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 124 - 134, 15.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893
https://izlik.org/JA85LG44KJ

Öz

Cities, as complex entities composed of interdependent and multi-layered systems, are inherently vulnerable to both natural disasters and human-induced threats. Nevertheless, they are not only spaces exposed to adverse impacts but also strategic hubs for infrastructure, sustainability, technology, and investment. In the face of evolving economic, social, cultural, and environmental dynamics, ensuring urban resilience against sudden shocks and long-term stresses has become a critical priority. This study, conducted specifically for the province of Rize, focuses on the development of green area action plans aimed at enhancing the resilience of coastal cities. The primary objective is to contribute to the creation of greener and more inclusive urban environments that can sustain their functionality during crises, resist various shock and stress factors, and play a risk-mitigating role. Within this framework, living spaces were evaluated with respect to climate change, urban infrastructure, transportation models, and open-green areas. Urban resilience was analyzed through key parameters including population, climate, residential patterns, open-green spaces, transportation systems, land use, accessibility, and walkable access distances. Based on the findings, strategic recommendations for open-green space planning and the formulation of green area action plans were developed to strengthen the adaptive capacity and sustainability of coastal urban environments.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012303529

Teşekkür

This study was conducted under the scope of a student project supported by TÜBİTAK 2023 Term 1 2209-A (Project No: 1919B012303529). The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to TÜBİTAK for its support.

Kaynakça

  • Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(5), 743–758.
  • Anastasiadis, P., & Metaxas, G. (2010). Sustainable city and risk management. In Proceedings of the 1st WIETE Annual Conference on Engineering and Technology Education (pp. 64–67).
  • Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban “green turn” mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086.
  • Bănică, A., Istrate, M., & Muntele, I. (2020). Towards green resilient cities in Eastern European Union countries. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 12(1), 53–72.
  • Beatley, T., & Boyer, H. (2009). Resilient cities: Responding to peak oil and climate change. Island Press.
  • Beatley, T., & Newman, P. (2013). Biophilic cities are sustainable, resilient cities. Sustainability, 5(8), 3328–3345.
  • Bélissent, J. (2010). Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Forrester Research.
  • Bettencourt, L., & West, G. (2010). A unified theory of urban living. Nature, 467(7318), 912–913.
  • Conzatti, A., Kershaw, T., Copping, A., & Colley, D. (2022). A review of the impact of shelter design on the health of displaced populations. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 7, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-022-00123-0
  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1), 1–X.
  • De Vries, S., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural environments—healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environment and Planning A, 35(10), 1717–1731.
  • Dinçer, A. E., Özeren, Ö., & Yağcı, O. Z. (2022). A lifelong (informal) learning experience in architectural design education: The case of KBU Department of Architecture with competitions. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 7(3), 791–805.
  • Drobniak, A. (2012). The urban resilience–economic perspective. Journal of Economics and Management, 10, 5-20.
  • European Commission. (2013). Green infrastructure (GI) – Enhancing Europe’s natural capital (COM(2013)). https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/green_infrastructures/1_EN_ACT_part1_v5.pdf
  • Gilbert, S. W. (2016). Disaster resilience: A guide to the literature. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143.
  • Grabowski, Z. J., McPhearson, T., & Pickett, S. T. (2023). Transforming US urban green infrastructure planning to address equity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 229, 104591.
  • Griggs, G., & Reguero, B. G. (2021). Coastal adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise. Water, 13(16), 2151.
  • He, X., Lin, M., Chen, T. L., Liu, B., Tseng, P. C., Cao, W., & Chiang, P. C. (2020). Implementation plan for low-carbon resilient city towards sustainable development goals: Challenges and perspectives. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(3), 444–464.
  • Kadić, A., Maljković, B., Rogulj, K., & Pamuković, J. K. (2025). Green infrastructure’s role in climate change adaptation: Summarizing the existing research in the most benefited policy sectors. Sustainability, 17(9), 4178.
  • Kulözü Uzunboy, N., & Sipahi, S. (2020). Mimaride karbon ayak izini azaltmaya yönelik uygulamalı bir ders deneyimi. The Journal of International Social Research, 13(73), 1–X.*
  • Lazaroiu, C., & Roscia, M. (2018). Smart resilient city and IoT towards sustainability of Africa. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) (pp. 1292–1298). IEEE.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49.
  • Miller, S. (2020). Greenspace after a disaster: The need to close the gap with recovery for greater resilience. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86, 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1730223
  • Nielsen, T. S., & Hansen, K. B. (2007). Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators. Health & Place, 13(4), 839–850.
  • Novosadová, L., & van der Knaap, W. (2021). The role of biophilic agents in building a green resilient city: The case of Birmingham, UK. Sustainability, 13(9), 5033.
  • Pakzad, P., & Osmond, P. (2016). Developing a sustainability indicator set for measuring green infrastructure performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 68–79.
  • Paudel, S., & States, S. L. (2023). Urban green areas and sustainability: Exploring the ecosystem services and disservices of grassy lawns versus floral meadows. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 84, 127932.
  • Pauleit, S., Fryd, O., Backhaus, A., & Jensen, M. B. (2020). Green infrastructures to face climate change in an urbanizing world. In Sustainable Built Environment (pp. 207–234).
  • Petrişor, A. I., Hamma, W., Nguyen, H. D., Randazzo, G., Muzirafuti, A., Stan, M. I., & Ianoş, I. (2020). Degradation of coastlines under the pressure of urbanization and tourism: Evidence on the change of land systems from Europe, Asia and Africa. Land, 9(8), 275.
  • Piña, W. A. (2014). Urbanization: Concepts, trends and analysis in three Latin American cities. [Publisher information unavailable].
  • Polat, P., & Sunkar, M. (2017). Rize’nin iklim özellikleri ve Rize çevresinde uzun dönem sıcaklık ve yağış verilerinin trend analizleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(1), 1–24.
  • Roggema, R. (2020). The convenient city: Smart urbanism for a resilient city. In Data-Driven Multivalence in the Built Environment (pp. 1–X). Springer.
  • Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16083–16088.
  • Sipahi, S., & Sipahi, M. (2024). Raw material stage assessment of seating elements as urban furniture and eco-model proposals. Sustainability, 16(10), 4163.
  • Staddon, C., Ward, S., De Vito, L., Zuniga-Teran, A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., & Booth, G. (2018). Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience. Environment Systems and Decisions, 38, 330–338.
  • Straupe, I., & Liepa, L. (2018). The relation of green infrastructure and tourism in urban ecosystem. Research for Rural Development, 1, 111–116.
  • Tabane, E., Ngwira, S. M., & Zuva, T. (2016). Survey of smart city initiatives towards urbanization. In 2016 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Engineering (ICACCE) (pp. 437–440). IEEE.
  • Tidball, K. G., & Aktipis, A. (2018). Feedback enhances greening during disaster recovery: A model of social and ecological processes in neighborhood scale investment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 34, 269–280.
  • Tumini, I., Villagra-Islas, P., & Herrmann-Lunecke, G. J. N. (2017). Evaluating reconstruction effects on urban resilience: A comparison between two Chilean tsunami-prone cities. Natural Hazards, 85, 1363–1392.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Yıllara göre il nüfusları. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • Tyler, S., & Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development, 4(4), 311–326.
  • United Nations. (2014). World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision. United Nations.
  • Valente, S., & Pinho, P. (2025). Adaptive planning approaches for coastal climate adaptation: Process and key elements. Environmental Management, 1–26.
  • Yaman Galantini, Z. D., & Tezer, A. (2018). Resilient urban planning process in question: Istanbul case. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(1), 48–57.
  • Zheng, Y., Yuan, Y., Tian, J., & Zhuang, G. (2024). Urban climate resilient development: Analysis of the potential to build low-carbon-resilient city in China. Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies, 12(4), 2450024.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arazi Kullanımı ve Çevre Planlaması
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Merve Sipahi 0000-0002-3246-6302

Şevval Bozkurt Bu kişi benim 0009-0002-3116-5804

Proje Numarası 1919B012303529
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893
IZ https://izlik.org/JA85LG44KJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sipahi, M., & Bozkurt, Ş. (2026). Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 9(1), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893
AMA 1.Sipahi M, Bozkurt Ş. Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9(1):124-134. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1799893
Chicago Sipahi, Merve, ve Şevval Bozkurt. 2026. “Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 (1): 124-34. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893.
EndNote Sipahi M, Bozkurt Ş (01 Ocak 2026) Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 1 124–134.
IEEE [1]M. Sipahi ve Ş. Bozkurt, “Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 9, sy 1, ss. 124–134, Oca. 2026, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1799893.
ISNAD Sipahi, Merve - Bozkurt, Şevval. “Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9/1 (01 Ocak 2026): 124-134. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1799893.
JAMA 1.Sipahi M, Bozkurt Ş. Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9:124–134.
MLA Sipahi, Merve, ve Şevval Bozkurt. “Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 9, sy 1, Ocak 2026, ss. 124-3, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1799893.
Vancouver 1.Merve Sipahi, Şevval Bozkurt. Open Green Area Strategies and Action Planning in Resilient Coastal Cities. BSJ Eng. Sci. 01 Ocak 2026;9(1):124-3. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1799893

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