Comparative Multi-Criteria Performance Assessment of Battery and Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Systems in Off-Grid Hybrid Microgrids

Öz

This study comparatively analyzes the impacts of different energy storage approaches on the technical, economic, and environmental performance of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems. System modeling and optimization were carried out using HOMER Pro software. Two alternative system configurations were evaluated under real resource data and a representative load profile. The first configuration included a hydrogen-based long-term storage infrastructure consisting of photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, battery storage, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen tank, and a fuel cell. The second configuration was based solely on battery energy storage. The results demonstrate that the hydrogen-supported system increased renewable energy penetration to 84.7%, eliminated capacity shortages, fully met the load demand without interruption, and enabled long-term storage of surplus renewable energy. Although the battery-based system required lower initial capital investment and yielded a lower levelized cost of energy, it experienced a 5.2% capacity shortage and was unable to utilize 129,782 kWh of excess energy annually. A multi-criteria assessment conducted from a life-cycle cost perspective revealed that energy supply reliability and renewable energy utilization efficiency play a more decisive role in optimal system selection than approaches based solely on economic indicators. These findings indicate that hydrogen-based long-term energy storage infrastructure in off-grid settlements should be regarded not merely as a storage solution but as a strategic component that enhances energy security and sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hydrogen energy
• Multi-layer energy storage
• Off-grid hybrid energy system
• Techno-economic optimization
• HOMER Pro

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because there was no study on animals or humans.

Kaynakça

1. Acar, C., & Dincer, I. (2019). Review and evaluation of hydrogen production options for better environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 218, 835–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.046
2. Bhattacharyya, S. C. (2012). Energy access programmes and sustainable development: A critical review and analysis. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(3), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.05.002
3. Bocklisch, T. (2015). Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable energy applications. Energy Procedia, 73, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.582
4. Diaf, S., Diaf, D., Belhamel, M., Haddadi, M., Louche, A. (2007). A methodology for optimal sizing of autonomous hybrid PV/wind system. Energy Policy, 35(11), 5708–5718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.020
5. Gahleitner, G. (2013). Hydrogen from renewable electricity: An international review of power-to-gas pilot plants for stationary applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(5), 2039–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.010
6. Ghasemi, A., Asrari, A., Zarif, M., Abdelwahed, S. (2013). Techno-economic analysis of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery systems for rural electrification in eastern part of Iran-A step toward sustainable rural development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.011
7. Jurasz, J., Canales, F. A., Kies, A., Guezgouz, M., Beluco, A. (2020). A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions. Solar Energy, 195, 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087
8. Kalinci, Y., Dincer, I., Hepbasli, A. (2017). Energy and exergy analyses of a hybrid hydrogen energy system: A case study for Bozcaada. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(4), 2492–2503.

9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.048
10. Khalid, M., Savkin, A. V. (2010). A model predictive control approach to the problem of wind power smoothing with controlled battery storage. Renewable Energy, 35(7), 1520–1526.
11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.11.030
12. Khan, A. A., Minai, A. F., Pachauri, R. K., Malik, H. (2022). Optimal sizing, control, and management strategies for hybrid renewable energy systems: A comprehensive review. Energies, 15(17), 6249.
13. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176249
14. Kumar, N., Namrata, K., Samadhiya, A. (2023). Techno socio-economic analysis and stratified assessment of hybrid renewable energy systems for electrification of rural community. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 55, 102950.
15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102950
16. Lund, H., Salgi, G., Elmegaard, B., Andersen, A. N. (2009). Optimal operation strategies of compressed air energy storage (CAES) on electricity spot markets with fluctuating prices. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(5-6), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.05.020
17. Nikolaidis, P., Poullikkas, A. (2017). A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044
18. Pamuk, N. (2025). Feasibility analysis and optimal sizing of islanded hybrid energy system by using bio-inspired algorithms. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 16(12), 103799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2025.103799
19. Pellow, M. A., Emmott, C. J. M., Barnhart, C. J., Benson, S. M. (2015). Hydrogen or batteries for grid storage? A net energy analysis. Energy & Environmental Science, 8(7), 1938–1952. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE04041D
20. Zakeri, B., Syri, S. (2015). Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 569–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.011