Bioactive Nanoparticles Synthesized By Green Method

Öz

Nanotechnology has become one of the promising technologies applied in all fields of science. Biotechnologically produced metallic nanoparticles (NP) attract attention in scientific application and technology platforms due to their extensive in applications biomedical and physicochemical fields. In recent years, the side effects caused by the use of synthetic drugs the medical and economic problems caused by them have made the use of plants in the treatment popular again. Non-toxic, ecological, metal-based and size of less than 100 nm NPs (such as gold, silver, palladium, manganese, zinc) using obtained plant extracts from plants by different methods can be synthesized. As the size and shape of the NPs change, the physical, chemical, bioactive, optical, electrical, catalytic and toxicity properties of the particles also change. Biological synthesis, also known as green synthesis; It is the preferred practical method for obtaining NPs easily and ecologically without the need for high pressure, high temperatures values and toxic chemicals. Green synthesis of NPs is performed using different biomaterials such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, microalgae and plant biomass/extract. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of metallic NPs occurs through biomolecules (such as proteins, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, organic acids, polysaccharides and citrates) containing organic functional groups in the plant. Increasing application of NPs in medical fields requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of biological interactions and potential toxicities of their. In this review, synthesis ways of NPs including physical, chemical and green synthesis are explained. In addition, the particle characterization methods given in current studies in the literature and the properties of particles such as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity are discussed in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanoparticle
• Green synthesis
• Mechanisms of effect nanoparticles
• Bioactive properties

Yeşil Yöntemle Sentezlenen Biyoaktif Nanopartiküller

Öz

Nanoteknoloji, bilimin tüm alanlarında uygulanan umut verici teknolojilerden biri haline gelmiştir. Biyoteknolojik olarak üretilen metalik nanopartikülller (NP), biyomedikal ve fizyokimyasal alanlardaki kapsamlı uygulamaları nedeniyle bilimsel uygulama ve teknoloji platformlarında ilgi görmektedir. Son yıllarda sentetik ilaçların kullanımı sonucu meydana gelen yan etkiler ve bunların yol açtığı medikal ve ekonomik sorunlar tedavilerde bitki kullanımını tekrar popüler hale getirmiştir. Bitkilerden değişik yöntemlerle elde edilen bitki ekstraktları ile 100 nm’den daha küçük boyutta, ekolojik, toksik olmayan metal esaslı (altın, gümüş, palladyum, mangan, çinko gibi) NP’ler sentezlenebilmektedir. NP’lerin boyutları ve şekilleri değiştikçe partiküllerin fiziksel, kimyasal, biyoaktif, optik, elektriksel, katalitik ve toksisite özellikleri de değişmektedir. Yeşil sentez olarak da bilinen biyolojik sentez; yüksek basınca, yüksek sıcaklık değerlerine ve toksik kimyasallara gerek duyulmadan NP’lerin kolay ve ekolojik olarak elde edilmesinde kullanılan pratik yöntemdir. NP’lerin yeşil sentezi bakteri, mantar, maya, virüs, mikroalg ve bitki biyokütlesi/özü gibi farklı biyomateryaller kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Metalik NP’lerin bitki aracılı biyosentezi, bitkide bulunan organik fonksiyonel gruplar içeren biyomoleküller (proteinler, vitaminler, amino asitler, enzimler, polisakkaritler, sitratlar, organik asitler gibi) aracılığıyla gerçekleşir. Medikal alanlarda NP’lerin artan uygulaması, NP’lerin biyolojik etkileşimlerinin mekanizmalarının ve potansiyel toksisitelerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, fiziksel, kimyasal ve yeşil sentez dâhil NP’lerin sentez yolları açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca literatürde güncel çalışmalarda verilen partikül karakterizasyonu yöntemleri ve partiküllerin antibakteriyel, antifungal ve antiviral aktivite gibi özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanopartikül
• Yeşil sentez
• Nanopartiküllerin etki mekanizmaları
• Biyoaktif özellikler

Kaynakça

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