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Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 486 - 501, 15.10.2023

İsmail Cem Kantarlı

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169

Öz

Legume wastes, pinto bean peel (PBP) and pea shell (PS), were hydrothermally carbonized in subcritical water at various temperatures (200-240 °C) with the aim of obtaining a solid fuel, hydrochar. Fuel characteristics and chemical properties of hydrochars were determined by standard fuel analysis methods. Hydrochar yield decreased sharply with the increase of temperature due to the enhanced degradation of legume wastes. The weight percent of initial carbon in the legume wastes retained in the obtained hydrochars was lower than those in the literature due to the low hydrochar yields. The effect of temperature on carbon content and hence higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar became noticable at 240°C. As a result of this effect, bituminous coal-like and lignite-like hydrochars with HHV of 31.2 and 28.1 MJ.kg-1were obtained from PBP and PS, respectively. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C were chemically activated with ZnCl2 to produce activated carbons (PBP-AHC and PS-AHC). The activated carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of PS-HC were determined as 1205 m2. g-1, 0.686 m3. g-1 and 0.144 m3. g-1, respectively. PBP-AHC was found to have higher BET surface area (1350 m2. g-1), total pore volume (0.723 m3. g-1), and mesopore volume (0.249 m3. g-1) than PS-AHC. Activated carbons were tested as adsorbent for removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions with the batch adsorption studies carried out at different initial concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The compatibility of the adsorption data with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was checked to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 188.7 and 70.9 mg. g-1 for PBP-AHC and PS-AHC, respectively. Adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that AMX adsorption on PBP-AHC and PS-AHC best fits with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. AMX adsorption was found to be faster on PBP-AHC than PS-AHC due to its higher surface area and more mesoporous character. ZnCl2 activation of PBP-derived hydrochar produced a potential adsorbent for amoxicillin removal.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hydrochar Activated carbon Adsorption Amoxicillin Pinto bean peel Pea shell

Kaynakça

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Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 486 - 501, 15.10.2023

İsmail Cem Kantarlı

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169

Öz

Legume wastes, pinto bean peel (PBP) and pea shell (PS), were hydrothermally carbonized in subcritical water at various temperatures (200-240 °C) with the aim of obtaining a solid fuel, hydrochar. Fuel characteristics and chemical properties of hydrochars were determined by standard fuel analysis methods. Hydrochar yield decreased sharply with the increase of temperature due to the enhanced degradation of legume wastes. The weight percent of initial carbon in the legume wastes retained in the obtained hydrochars was lower than those in the literature due to the low hydrochar yields. The effect of temperature on carbon content and hence higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar became noticable at 240°C. As a result of this effect, bituminous coal-like and lignite-like hydrochars with HHV of 31.2 and 28.1 MJ.kg-1were obtained from PBP and PS, respectively. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C were chemically activated with ZnCl2 to produce activated carbons (PBP-AHC and PS-AHC). The activated carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of PS-HC were determined as 1205 m2. g-1, 0.686 m3. g-1 and 0.144 m3. g-1, respectively. PBP-AHC was found to have higher BET surface area (1350 m2. g-1), total pore volume (0.723 m3. g-1), and mesopore volume (0.249 m3. g-1) than PS-AHC. Activated carbons were tested as adsorbent for removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions with the batch adsorption studies carried out at different initial concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The compatibility of the adsorption data with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was checked to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 188.7 and 70.9 mg. g-1 for PBP-AHC and PS-AHC, respectively. Adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that AMX adsorption on PBP-AHC and PS-AHC best fits with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. AMX adsorption was found to be faster on PBP-AHC than PS-AHC due to its higher surface area and more mesoporous character. ZnCl2 activation of PBP-derived hydrochar produced a potential adsorbent for amoxicillin removal.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hydrochar Activated carbon Adsorption Amoxicillin Pinto bean peel Pea shell

Teşekkür

The author thanks Prof. Dr. Jale Yanik for granting permission to use Industrial Organic Laboratory facilities at Chemistry Department, Ege University, Turkey. The author would like to acknowledge TAUM (Erciyes University) and IYTE-MAM (Izmir Institute of Technology) for BET analysis, ODUMARAL (Ordu University) for elemental analysis, and IYTE-MAM (Izmir Institute of Technology) for SEM images.

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  • Swan NB, Zaini MAA. 2019. Adsorption of malachite green and congo red dyes from water: recent progress and future outlook. Ecol Chem Eng S, 26(1):119-132. DOI: 10.1515/eces-2019-0009.
  • Tran TH, Le HH, Pham TH, Nguyen DT, La DD, Chang SW, Lee SM, Chung,WJ, Nguyen DD. 2021. Comparative study on methylene blue adsorption behavior of coffee husk-derived activated carbon materials prepared using hydrothermal and soaking methods. J Environ Chem Eng, 9: 105362. DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105362.
  • Unutkan T, Bakırdere S, Keyf S. 2018. Development of an analytical method for the determination of amoxicillin in commercial drugs and wastewater samples, and assessing its stability in simulated gastric digestion. J Chromatogr Sci, 56(1): 36-40. DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx078.
  • Vassilev SV, Vassileva CG, Vassilev VS. 2015. Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: An overview. Fuel, 158: 330-350, DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.050.
  • Verma N, Bansal MC, Kumar V. 2011. Pea peel waste: a lignocellulosic waste and its utility in cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei under solid state cultivation. BioResource, 6: 1505-1519.
  • Wang T, Zhai Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Zeng G. 2018. A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 90: 223–47. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071.
  • Wu S, Wang Q, Cui D, Sun H, H Yin, Xu F, Wang Z. 2023. Evaluation of fuel properties and combustion behaviour of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonisation of agricultural wastes, Journal of the Energy Institute, 108: 101209. DOI:10.1016/j.joei.2023.101209.
  • Yan W, Acharjee TC, Coronella CJ, Victor R, Vásquez VR. 2009. Thermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Environ Prog Sustain Energy, 28: 435-440. DOI: 10.1002/ep.10385.
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  • Yi H, Nakabayashi K, Yoon SH, Miyawaki J. 2021. Pressurized physical activation: A simple production method for activated carbon with a highly developed pore structure. Carbon, 183: 735-742. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.061.
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Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Atık Yönetimi, Azaltma, Yeniden Kullanım ve Geri Dönüşüm, Katı ve Tehlikeli Atıklar, Biyokütle Enerji Sistemleri, Enerji, Atıksu Arıtma Süreçleri, Enerji ve Yakmada Kimyasal ve Termal Süreçler
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

İsmail Cem Kantarlı 0000-0002-5911-3152

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kantarlı, İ. C. (2023). Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 6(4), 486-501. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169
AMA Kantarlı İC. Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal. BSJ Eng. Sci. Ekim 2023;6(4):486-501. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1347169
Chicago Kantarlı, İsmail Cem. “Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes As Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6, sy. 4 (Ekim 2023): 486-501. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169.
EndNote Kantarlı İC (01 Ekim 2023) Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6 4 486–501.
IEEE İ. C. Kantarlı, “Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 6, sy. 4, ss. 486–501, 2023, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1347169.
ISNAD Kantarlı, İsmail Cem. “Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes As Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6/4 (Ekim 2023), 486-501. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169.
JAMA Kantarlı İC. Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6:486–501.
MLA Kantarlı, İsmail Cem. “Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes As Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 6, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 486-01, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1347169.
Vancouver Kantarlı İC. Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6(4):486-501.
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