The aim of this study is to prepare CBZ-loaded chitosan (Ch)- coated/uncoated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Zein (using 20 mg or 40 mg Zein) nanoparticles (CBZ-PLGA-Zein-NPs or CBZ-PLGA-Zein-Ch-NPs) and to characterize (Particle size, PDI, zeta potential, percent encapsulation efficiency (EE%), FT-IR, DSC and XRD analyzes, and in vitro release study) them in vitro. These nanoparticles were prepared using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The particle sizes of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were found to be about 222 nm, 245 nm and 221 nm, respectively. The PDI value of all NP formulations was below 0.3. This indicates a narrow particle size distribution. The EE% values of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were determined as about 64%, 56% and 62%, respectively. The coating of the optimum formulation (containing 20 mg Zein) with chitosan did not lead to a significant difference in the particle size and EE% value of this formulation (P>0.05). A sustained release of CBZ from all prepared NPs formulations was achieved until 48th h. In conclusion, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg or 40 mg)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg)-Ch-NPs were successfully prepared and characterized in vitro.
André de Almeida Campos L, Francisco Silva Neto A, Cecília Souza Noronha M, Ferreira de Lima M, Macário Ferro Cavalcanti I, Stela Santos-Magalhães N. 2023. Zein nanoparticles for drug delivery: Preparation methods and biological applications. Int J Pharm, 635: 122754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122754
Caliandro R, Di Profio G, Nicolotti O. 2013. Multivariate analysis of quaternary carbamazepine-saccharin mixtures by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 78-79: 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.042
Dandamudi M, McLoughlin P, Behl G, Rani S, Coffey L, Chauhan A. 2021. Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating triamcinolone acetonide as a potential candidate for sustained ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13(10): 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101590
Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O’Brien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, de Curtis M. 2018. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 4(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.24
Gagliardi A, Paolino D, Costa N, Fresta M, Cosco D. 2021. Zein- vs PLGA-based nanoparticles containing rutin: A comparative investigation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 118: 111538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111538
Green SF, Nguyen P, Kaalund-Hansen K, Rajakulendran S, Murphy E. 2020. Effectiveness, retention, and safety of modified ketogenic diet in adults with epilepsy at a tertiary-care centre in the UK. J Neurol, 267(4): 1171-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09658-6
Guery D, Rheims S. 2021. Clinical management of drug resistant epilepsy: A review on current strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 17: 2229-2242. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S256699
Kandilli B, Uğur AB, Çetin M, Miloğlu FD. 2018. A simple HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of levetiracetam and carbamazepine. HUJPHARM, 38(2): 58-64.
Kandilli B, Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Taspinar N, Ertugrul MS, Aydin IC, et al. 2020 Carbamazepine and levetiracetam-loaded PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method: in vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 46(7): 1063-1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2020.1769127
Kanner AM, Bicchi MM. 2022. Antiseizure medications for adults with epilepsy: A review. JAMA, 327(13): 1269-1281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.3880
Krstić M, Popović M, Dobričić V, Ibrić S. 2015. Influence of solid drug delivery system formulation on poorly water-soluble drug dissolution and permeability. Molecules, 20(8): 14684-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814684
Liu E, Su Z, Yang C, Ji Y, Liu B, Meng X. 2021. Fabrication, characterization and properties of DHA-loaded nanoparticles based on zein and PLGA. Food Chem, 360: 129957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129957
Lo JCY. 2014. Carbamazepine. In: Wexler P, editor. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition). Academic Press, Oxford, UK, pp: 665-667.
Ma X, Müller F, Huang S, Lowinger M, Liu X, Schooler R, et al. 2020. Influence of carbamazepine dihydrate on the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions by hot melt extrusion. Pharmaceutics, 12(4): 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040379
Maan JS, Duong T vi H, Saadabadi A. Carbamazepine. 2024. URL: http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482455/ (accessed 26 February 2024).
Manole AM, Sirbu CA, Mititelu MR, Vasiliu O, Lorusso L, Sirbu OM. 2023. State of the art and challenges in epilepsy—A narrative review. J Pers Med, 13(4): 623. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jpm13040623
Mura S, Hillaireau H, Nicolas J, Le Droumaguet B, Gueutin C, Zanna S. 2011. Influence of surface charge on the potential toxicity of PLGA nanoparticles towards Calu-3 cells. Int J Nanomedicine, 6: 2591-2605. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24552
Pascoli M, de Lima R, Fraceto LF. 2018. Zein nanoparticles and strategies to improve colloidal stability: A mini-review. Front Chem, 6: 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00006
Pauluk D, Padilha AK, Khalil NM, Mainardes RM. 2019. Chitosan-coated zein nanoparticles for oral delivery of resveratrol: Formation, characterization, stability, mucoadhesive properties and antioxidant activity. Food Hydrocolloids, 94: 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.042
Pearce RE, Lu W, Wang Y, Uetrecht JP, Correia MA, Leeder JS. 2008. Pathways of carbamazepine bioactivation in vitro. III. The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2,3-dihydroxycarbamazepine. Drug Metab Dispos, 36(8): 1637-1649. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.107.019562
Qushawy M, Prabahar K, Abd-Alhaseeb M, Swidan S, Nasr A. 2019. Preparation and evaluation of carbamazepine solid lipid nanoparticle for alleviating seizure activity in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Molecules, 24(21): 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213971
Sakhi M, Khan A, Iqbal Z, Khan I, Raza A, Ullah A. 2022. Design and characterization of paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles decorated with trastuzumab for the effective treatment of breast cancer. Front Pharmacol, 13: 855294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.855294”
Sarmast ST, Abdullahi AM, Jahan N. 2020. Current classification of seizures and epilepsies: Scope, limitations and recommendations for future action. Cureus, 12(9): e10549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10549.
Scioli Montoto S, Sbaraglini ML, Talevi A, Couyoupetrou M, Di Ianni M, Pesce GO. 2018. Carbamazepine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 167: 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.052
Stafstrom CE, Carmant L. 2015. Seizures and epilepsy: An overview for neuroscientists. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 5(6): a022426. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a022426
Swider E, Koshkina O, Tel J, Cruz LJ, de Vries IJM, Srinivas M. 2018. Customizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 73: 38-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.006
Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Bayram C, Yildirim S, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Hacimuftuoglu A. 2023. In vivo evaluation of nanoemulsion formulations for metformin and repaglinide alone and combination. J Pharm Sci, 112(5): 1411-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.008
Ułamek-Kozioł M, Czuczwar SJ, Januszewski S, Pluta R. 2019. Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy. Nutrients, 11(10): 2510. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102510
Uzunović A, Vranić E, Hadzidedić S. 2010. Impairment of the in vitro release of carbamazepine from tablets. Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 10(3): 234-238. https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2010.2693
Valo H, Peltonen L, Vehviläinen S, Karjalainen M, Kostiainen R, Laaksonen T. 2009. Electrospray encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in poly(l-lactic acid) nanoparticles. Small, 5(15): 1791-1798. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200801907
Wang Z, Chen B, Quan G, Li F, Wu Q, Dian L. 2012. Increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble carbamazepine using immediate-release pellets supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica. Int J Nanomedicine, 7: 5807-5818. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S37650
WHO. 2024. Epilepsy. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy (accessed 26 February 2024).
Wu D, Fei F, Zhang Q, Wang X, Gong Y, Chen X. 2022. Nanoengineered on-demand drug delivery system improves efficacy of pharmacotherapy for epilepsy. Sci Adv, 8(2): eabm3381. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm3381
Zybina A, Anshakova A, Malinovskaya J, Melnikov P, Baklaushev V, Chekhonin V. 2018. Nanoparticle-based delivery of carbamazepine: A promising approach for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Int J Pharm, 547(1): 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.023
Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles
The aim of this study is to prepare CBZ-loaded chitosan (Ch)- coated/uncoated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Zein (using 20 mg or 40 mg Zein) nanoparticles (CBZ-PLGA-Zein-NPs or CBZ-PLGA-Zein-Ch-NPs) and to characterize (Particle size, PDI, zeta potential, percent encapsulation efficiency (EE%), FT-IR, DSC and XRD analyzes, and in vitro release study) them in vitro. These nanoparticles were prepared using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The particle sizes of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were found to be about 222 nm, 245 nm and 221 nm, respectively. The PDI value of all NP formulations was below 0.3. This indicates a narrow particle size distribution. The EE% values of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were determined as about 64%, 56% and 62%, respectively. The coating of the optimum formulation (containing 20 mg Zein) with chitosan did not lead to a significant difference in the particle size and EE% value of this formulation (P>0.05). A sustained release of CBZ from all prepared NPs formulations was achieved until 48th h. In conclusion, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg or 40 mg)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg)-Ch-NPs were successfully prepared and characterized in vitro.
André de Almeida Campos L, Francisco Silva Neto A, Cecília Souza Noronha M, Ferreira de Lima M, Macário Ferro Cavalcanti I, Stela Santos-Magalhães N. 2023. Zein nanoparticles for drug delivery: Preparation methods and biological applications. Int J Pharm, 635: 122754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122754
Caliandro R, Di Profio G, Nicolotti O. 2013. Multivariate analysis of quaternary carbamazepine-saccharin mixtures by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 78-79: 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.042
Dandamudi M, McLoughlin P, Behl G, Rani S, Coffey L, Chauhan A. 2021. Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating triamcinolone acetonide as a potential candidate for sustained ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13(10): 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101590
Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O’Brien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, de Curtis M. 2018. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 4(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.24
Gagliardi A, Paolino D, Costa N, Fresta M, Cosco D. 2021. Zein- vs PLGA-based nanoparticles containing rutin: A comparative investigation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 118: 111538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111538
Green SF, Nguyen P, Kaalund-Hansen K, Rajakulendran S, Murphy E. 2020. Effectiveness, retention, and safety of modified ketogenic diet in adults with epilepsy at a tertiary-care centre in the UK. J Neurol, 267(4): 1171-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09658-6
Guery D, Rheims S. 2021. Clinical management of drug resistant epilepsy: A review on current strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 17: 2229-2242. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S256699
Kandilli B, Uğur AB, Çetin M, Miloğlu FD. 2018. A simple HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of levetiracetam and carbamazepine. HUJPHARM, 38(2): 58-64.
Kandilli B, Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Taspinar N, Ertugrul MS, Aydin IC, et al. 2020 Carbamazepine and levetiracetam-loaded PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method: in vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 46(7): 1063-1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2020.1769127
Kanner AM, Bicchi MM. 2022. Antiseizure medications for adults with epilepsy: A review. JAMA, 327(13): 1269-1281. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.3880
Krstić M, Popović M, Dobričić V, Ibrić S. 2015. Influence of solid drug delivery system formulation on poorly water-soluble drug dissolution and permeability. Molecules, 20(8): 14684-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814684
Liu E, Su Z, Yang C, Ji Y, Liu B, Meng X. 2021. Fabrication, characterization and properties of DHA-loaded nanoparticles based on zein and PLGA. Food Chem, 360: 129957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129957
Lo JCY. 2014. Carbamazepine. In: Wexler P, editor. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition). Academic Press, Oxford, UK, pp: 665-667.
Ma X, Müller F, Huang S, Lowinger M, Liu X, Schooler R, et al. 2020. Influence of carbamazepine dihydrate on the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions by hot melt extrusion. Pharmaceutics, 12(4): 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040379
Maan JS, Duong T vi H, Saadabadi A. Carbamazepine. 2024. URL: http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482455/ (accessed 26 February 2024).
Manole AM, Sirbu CA, Mititelu MR, Vasiliu O, Lorusso L, Sirbu OM. 2023. State of the art and challenges in epilepsy—A narrative review. J Pers Med, 13(4): 623. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jpm13040623
Mura S, Hillaireau H, Nicolas J, Le Droumaguet B, Gueutin C, Zanna S. 2011. Influence of surface charge on the potential toxicity of PLGA nanoparticles towards Calu-3 cells. Int J Nanomedicine, 6: 2591-2605. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24552
Pascoli M, de Lima R, Fraceto LF. 2018. Zein nanoparticles and strategies to improve colloidal stability: A mini-review. Front Chem, 6: 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00006
Pauluk D, Padilha AK, Khalil NM, Mainardes RM. 2019. Chitosan-coated zein nanoparticles for oral delivery of resveratrol: Formation, characterization, stability, mucoadhesive properties and antioxidant activity. Food Hydrocolloids, 94: 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.042
Pearce RE, Lu W, Wang Y, Uetrecht JP, Correia MA, Leeder JS. 2008. Pathways of carbamazepine bioactivation in vitro. III. The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2,3-dihydroxycarbamazepine. Drug Metab Dispos, 36(8): 1637-1649. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.107.019562
Qushawy M, Prabahar K, Abd-Alhaseeb M, Swidan S, Nasr A. 2019. Preparation and evaluation of carbamazepine solid lipid nanoparticle for alleviating seizure activity in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Molecules, 24(21): 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213971
Sakhi M, Khan A, Iqbal Z, Khan I, Raza A, Ullah A. 2022. Design and characterization of paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles decorated with trastuzumab for the effective treatment of breast cancer. Front Pharmacol, 13: 855294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.855294”
Sarmast ST, Abdullahi AM, Jahan N. 2020. Current classification of seizures and epilepsies: Scope, limitations and recommendations for future action. Cureus, 12(9): e10549. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10549.
Scioli Montoto S, Sbaraglini ML, Talevi A, Couyoupetrou M, Di Ianni M, Pesce GO. 2018. Carbamazepine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 167: 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.052
Stafstrom CE, Carmant L. 2015. Seizures and epilepsy: An overview for neuroscientists. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 5(6): a022426. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a022426
Swider E, Koshkina O, Tel J, Cruz LJ, de Vries IJM, Srinivas M. 2018. Customizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 73: 38-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.006
Ugur Kaplan AB, Cetin M, Bayram C, Yildirim S, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Hacimuftuoglu A. 2023. In vivo evaluation of nanoemulsion formulations for metformin and repaglinide alone and combination. J Pharm Sci, 112(5): 1411-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.008
Ułamek-Kozioł M, Czuczwar SJ, Januszewski S, Pluta R. 2019. Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy. Nutrients, 11(10): 2510. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102510
Uzunović A, Vranić E, Hadzidedić S. 2010. Impairment of the in vitro release of carbamazepine from tablets. Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 10(3): 234-238. https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2010.2693
Valo H, Peltonen L, Vehviläinen S, Karjalainen M, Kostiainen R, Laaksonen T. 2009. Electrospray encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in poly(l-lactic acid) nanoparticles. Small, 5(15): 1791-1798. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200801907
Wang Z, Chen B, Quan G, Li F, Wu Q, Dian L. 2012. Increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble carbamazepine using immediate-release pellets supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica. Int J Nanomedicine, 7: 5807-5818. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S37650
WHO. 2024. Epilepsy. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy (accessed 26 February 2024).
Wu D, Fei F, Zhang Q, Wang X, Gong Y, Chen X. 2022. Nanoengineered on-demand drug delivery system improves efficacy of pharmacotherapy for epilepsy. Sci Adv, 8(2): eabm3381. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm3381
Zybina A, Anshakova A, Malinovskaya J, Melnikov P, Baklaushev V, Chekhonin V. 2018. Nanoparticle-based delivery of carbamazepine: A promising approach for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Int J Pharm, 547(1): 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.023
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Nanobiyoteknoloji, Polimer Bilimi ve Teknolojileri
Uğur Kaplan, A. B., & Çetin, M. (2024). Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(5), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1510380
AMA
Uğur Kaplan AB, Çetin M. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles. BSJ Eng. Sci. Eylül 2024;7(5):874-881. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1510380
Chicago
Uğur Kaplan, Afife Büşra, ve Meltem Çetin. “Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7, sy. 5 (Eylül 2024): 874-81. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1510380.
EndNote
Uğur Kaplan AB, Çetin M (01 Eylül 2024) Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7 5 874–881.
IEEE
A. B. Uğur Kaplan ve M. Çetin, “Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 7, sy. 5, ss. 874–881, 2024, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1510380.
ISNAD
Uğur Kaplan, Afife Büşra - Çetin, Meltem. “Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7/5 (Eylül 2024), 874-881. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1510380.
JAMA
Uğur Kaplan AB, Çetin M. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7:874–881.
MLA
Uğur Kaplan, Afife Büşra ve Meltem Çetin. “Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 7, sy. 5, 2024, ss. 874-81, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1510380.
Vancouver
Uğur Kaplan AB, Çetin M. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7(5):874-81.