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Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 1401 - 1405, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1708610

Öz

Safe food is crucial for human health and well-being. Fruit and vegetables are essential for human diet as they provide providing vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fibre, which are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity. However, they are also a potential source of microbial contamination that can lead to food-borne infections. The aim of this study was to reveal the helminth egg contamination of leafy green vegetables for sale to humans in Kırşehir province. A total of 60 fresh leafy green vegetable samples (parsley, rocket, peppermint, purslane, and spinach) obtained from markets and bazaars were examined microscopically. Helminth eggs were detected in 3 (5%) of the 60 vegetables, specifically in rocket (1/12), spinach (1/12), and purslane (1/12) samples. These results highlight that unwashed or poorly washed leafy green vegetables pose a risk of parasite egg exposure and emphasize the importance of consumers adhering to proper hygiene practices before consumption. This study provides the first data on parasitic contamination of leafy green vegetables sold in markets and bazaars in Kırşehir province, Türkiye.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Kaynakça

  • Adanir R, Tasci F. 2013. Prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables consumed in Burdur, Türkiye. Food Control, 31(2): 482-484.
  • Alneyadi KSS, Almheiri MSB, Tzortzakis N, Di Gioia F, Ahmed Z FR. 2024. Organic-based nutrient solutions for sustainable vegetable production in a zero-runoff soilless growing system. J Agric Food Res, 15: 101035.
  • Avcioglu H, Soykan E, Tarakci U. 2011. Control of helminth contamination of raw vegetables by washing. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11(2): 189-191.
  • Aydenizoz M, Gokpinar S, Gazyagci AN. 2017. Investigation of parasitological contamination in leafy vegetables in Kırıkkale of Türkiye. Anim Health Prod Hyg, 6(1): 463-467.
  • Balali GI, Yar DD, Afua Dela VG, Adjei-Kusi P. 2020. Microbial contamination, an increasing threat to the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in today’s world. Int J Microbiol, 2020: 3029295.
  • Bilgiç F, Ozturk E, Babat S, Babaoğlu A, Erdoğan D, Korkmaz M. 2023. Determination of parasitic contamination in vegetables collected from local markets in İzmir province, Türkiye. Türkiye Parazitoloji Derg, 47(2).
  • Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, Loisy-Hamon F, Lee A, Van Lieshout L, Phister T. 2018. Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol, 285: 110-128.
  • da Costa Dantas LM, de Medeiros Maia CM, da Silva Chaves Damasceno KSF, Mont'Alverne Jucá Seabra L, Chaves G, de Assis CF, de Sousa Júnior FC. 2023. Prevalence of helminths in fresh vegetables: narrative literature review. J Sci Food Agric, 103(8): 3761-3765.
  • Dias JS. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables: A review. Food Nutr Sci, 3(10): 1354-1374.
  • Drake LJ, Jukes MCH, Sternberg RJ, Bundy DAP. 2000. Geohelminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm): cognitive and developmental impacts. Sem Pediatr Infect Dis, 11(4): 245-251.
  • Else KJ, Keiser J, Holland CV, Grencis RK, Sattelle DB, Fujiwara RT, Cooper PJ. 2020. Whipworm and roundworm infections. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 6(1): 44.
  • Erez MS, Kozan E, Göksu A. 2022. Detection of Helminth Egg Contamination on Raw Vegetables in Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye. Kocatepe Vet J, 15(4): 374-380.
  • Erol U, Altay K, Şahin ÖF, Urhan OF. 2023. Helminth Contamination of Commonly Consumed Raw Vegetables in Sivas Province in the Central Part of Türkiye: First Molecular Detection of Human Pathogenic Toxocara canis Eggs in Raw Vegetables. Acta Vet Eurasia, 49(1).
  • Esmael A, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Filimban AA, Alseghayer MS, Teklemariam AD. 2023. Fresh produce as a potential vector and reservoir for human bacterial pathogens: Revealing the ambiguity of interaction and transmission. Microorganisms, 11(3): 753.
  • Fismen AS, Aarø LE, Thorsteinsson E, Ojala K, Samdal O, Helleve A, Eriksson C. 2024. Associations between eating habits and mental health among adolescents in five nordic countries: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 24(1): 2640.
  • Gil MI, Selma MV, Suslow Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M, Allende A. 2015. Pre-and postharvest preventive measures and intervention strategies to control microbial food safety hazards of fresh leafy vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 55(4): 453-468.
  • Holland C, Sepidarkish M, Deslyper G, Abdollahi A, Valizadeh S, Mollalo A, Rostami A. 2022. Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty, 11(1): 113.
  • Irma KNG, Thierry EBJ, Isaka KN, Vanelle WS, Efietngab AN, Emilie TT, Lucia N. 2023. Parasitological assessment of some fruits and vegetables commonly sold in retail outlets in the Mfoundi Division of Cameroon. Parasite Epidem Cont, 22: e00313.
  • Jourdan PM, Lamberton PH, Fenwick A, Addiss DG. 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Lancet, 391(10117): 252-265.
  • Kartal K, Eser M, Güzel H. 2024. The prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables from street markets in Eskişehir, Türkiye. Eur J Life Sci, 3(1): 1-8.
  • Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimehmetoglu O, Aycicek H. 2005. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control, 16(3): 239-242.
  • Li J, Wang Z, Karim MR, Karim MR, Zhang L. 2020. Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review. Parasit Vectors, 13: 380.
  • Mazzoni L, Ariza Fernández MT, Capocasa F. 2021. Potential health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Appl Sci, 11(19): 8951.
  • M'rad S, Chaabane-Banaoues R, Lahmar I, Oumaima H, Mezhoud H, Babba H, Oudni-M'Rad M. 2020. Parasitological contamination of vegetables sold in Tunisian retail markets with helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. J Food Prot, 83(7): 1104-1109.
  • O'lorcain P, Holland CV. 2000. The public health importance of Ascaris lumbricoides. Parasitology, 121(S1): S51-S71.
  • Robertson LJ. 2018. Parasites in food: from a neglected position to an emerging issue. Adv Food Nutr Res, 86: 71-113.
  • Tangi FB, Arnauld TGB, Koye B. 2023. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh fruits sold at Tiko and Limbe Municipality Markets, South West Region of Cameroon. Food Sci Nutr Res, 6(1): 1-7.
  • Ulukanligil M, Seyrek A, Aslan G, Ozbilge H, Atay S. 2001. Environmental pollution with soil-transmitted helminths in Sanliurfa, Türkiye. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 96: 903-909.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. Key facts: food safety. (accessed date: April 15, 2025).
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. WHO global strategy for food safety 2022–2030: towards stronger food safety systems and global cooperation: executive summary. World Health Organization. (accessed date: April 15, 2025).

Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 1401 - 1405, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1708610

Öz

Safe food is crucial for human health and well-being. Fruit and vegetables are essential for human diet as they provide providing vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fibre, which are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity. However, they are also a potential source of microbial contamination that can lead to food-borne infections. The aim of this study was to reveal the helminth egg contamination of leafy green vegetables for sale to humans in Kırşehir province. A total of 60 fresh leafy green vegetable samples (parsley, rocket, peppermint, purslane, and spinach) obtained from markets and bazaars were examined microscopically. Helminth eggs were detected in 3 (5%) of the 60 vegetables, specifically in rocket (1/12), spinach (1/12), and purslane (1/12) samples. These results highlight that unwashed or poorly washed leafy green vegetables pose a risk of parasite egg exposure and emphasize the importance of consumers adhering to proper hygiene practices before consumption. This study provides the first data on parasitic contamination of leafy green vegetables sold in markets and bazaars in Kırşehir province, Türkiye.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Destekleyen Kurum

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Kaynakça

  • Adanir R, Tasci F. 2013. Prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables consumed in Burdur, Türkiye. Food Control, 31(2): 482-484.
  • Alneyadi KSS, Almheiri MSB, Tzortzakis N, Di Gioia F, Ahmed Z FR. 2024. Organic-based nutrient solutions for sustainable vegetable production in a zero-runoff soilless growing system. J Agric Food Res, 15: 101035.
  • Avcioglu H, Soykan E, Tarakci U. 2011. Control of helminth contamination of raw vegetables by washing. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11(2): 189-191.
  • Aydenizoz M, Gokpinar S, Gazyagci AN. 2017. Investigation of parasitological contamination in leafy vegetables in Kırıkkale of Türkiye. Anim Health Prod Hyg, 6(1): 463-467.
  • Balali GI, Yar DD, Afua Dela VG, Adjei-Kusi P. 2020. Microbial contamination, an increasing threat to the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in today’s world. Int J Microbiol, 2020: 3029295.
  • Bilgiç F, Ozturk E, Babat S, Babaoğlu A, Erdoğan D, Korkmaz M. 2023. Determination of parasitic contamination in vegetables collected from local markets in İzmir province, Türkiye. Türkiye Parazitoloji Derg, 47(2).
  • Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, Loisy-Hamon F, Lee A, Van Lieshout L, Phister T. 2018. Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol, 285: 110-128.
  • da Costa Dantas LM, de Medeiros Maia CM, da Silva Chaves Damasceno KSF, Mont'Alverne Jucá Seabra L, Chaves G, de Assis CF, de Sousa Júnior FC. 2023. Prevalence of helminths in fresh vegetables: narrative literature review. J Sci Food Agric, 103(8): 3761-3765.
  • Dias JS. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables: A review. Food Nutr Sci, 3(10): 1354-1374.
  • Drake LJ, Jukes MCH, Sternberg RJ, Bundy DAP. 2000. Geohelminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm): cognitive and developmental impacts. Sem Pediatr Infect Dis, 11(4): 245-251.
  • Else KJ, Keiser J, Holland CV, Grencis RK, Sattelle DB, Fujiwara RT, Cooper PJ. 2020. Whipworm and roundworm infections. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 6(1): 44.
  • Erez MS, Kozan E, Göksu A. 2022. Detection of Helminth Egg Contamination on Raw Vegetables in Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye. Kocatepe Vet J, 15(4): 374-380.
  • Erol U, Altay K, Şahin ÖF, Urhan OF. 2023. Helminth Contamination of Commonly Consumed Raw Vegetables in Sivas Province in the Central Part of Türkiye: First Molecular Detection of Human Pathogenic Toxocara canis Eggs in Raw Vegetables. Acta Vet Eurasia, 49(1).
  • Esmael A, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Filimban AA, Alseghayer MS, Teklemariam AD. 2023. Fresh produce as a potential vector and reservoir for human bacterial pathogens: Revealing the ambiguity of interaction and transmission. Microorganisms, 11(3): 753.
  • Fismen AS, Aarø LE, Thorsteinsson E, Ojala K, Samdal O, Helleve A, Eriksson C. 2024. Associations between eating habits and mental health among adolescents in five nordic countries: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 24(1): 2640.
  • Gil MI, Selma MV, Suslow Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M, Allende A. 2015. Pre-and postharvest preventive measures and intervention strategies to control microbial food safety hazards of fresh leafy vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 55(4): 453-468.
  • Holland C, Sepidarkish M, Deslyper G, Abdollahi A, Valizadeh S, Mollalo A, Rostami A. 2022. Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty, 11(1): 113.
  • Irma KNG, Thierry EBJ, Isaka KN, Vanelle WS, Efietngab AN, Emilie TT, Lucia N. 2023. Parasitological assessment of some fruits and vegetables commonly sold in retail outlets in the Mfoundi Division of Cameroon. Parasite Epidem Cont, 22: e00313.
  • Jourdan PM, Lamberton PH, Fenwick A, Addiss DG. 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Lancet, 391(10117): 252-265.
  • Kartal K, Eser M, Güzel H. 2024. The prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables from street markets in Eskişehir, Türkiye. Eur J Life Sci, 3(1): 1-8.
  • Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimehmetoglu O, Aycicek H. 2005. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control, 16(3): 239-242.
  • Li J, Wang Z, Karim MR, Karim MR, Zhang L. 2020. Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review. Parasit Vectors, 13: 380.
  • Mazzoni L, Ariza Fernández MT, Capocasa F. 2021. Potential health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Appl Sci, 11(19): 8951.
  • M'rad S, Chaabane-Banaoues R, Lahmar I, Oumaima H, Mezhoud H, Babba H, Oudni-M'Rad M. 2020. Parasitological contamination of vegetables sold in Tunisian retail markets with helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. J Food Prot, 83(7): 1104-1109.
  • O'lorcain P, Holland CV. 2000. The public health importance of Ascaris lumbricoides. Parasitology, 121(S1): S51-S71.
  • Robertson LJ. 2018. Parasites in food: from a neglected position to an emerging issue. Adv Food Nutr Res, 86: 71-113.
  • Tangi FB, Arnauld TGB, Koye B. 2023. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh fruits sold at Tiko and Limbe Municipality Markets, South West Region of Cameroon. Food Sci Nutr Res, 6(1): 1-7.
  • Ulukanligil M, Seyrek A, Aslan G, Ozbilge H, Atay S. 2001. Environmental pollution with soil-transmitted helminths in Sanliurfa, Türkiye. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 96: 903-909.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. Key facts: food safety. (accessed date: April 15, 2025).
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. WHO global strategy for food safety 2022–2030: towards stronger food safety systems and global cooperation: executive summary. World Health Organization. (accessed date: April 15, 2025).
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Parazitoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Nuri Ercan 0000-0001-6039-3510

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Ercan, N. (2025). Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(5), 1401-1405. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1708610
AMA Ercan N. Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye. BSJ Eng. Sci. Eylül 2025;8(5):1401-1405. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1708610
Chicago Ercan, Nuri. “Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8, sy. 5 (Eylül 2025): 1401-5. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1708610.
EndNote Ercan N (01 Eylül 2025) Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8 5 1401–1405.
IEEE N. Ercan, “Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye”, BSJ Eng. Sci., c. 8, sy. 5, ss. 1401–1405, 2025, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1708610.
ISNAD Ercan, Nuri. “Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 8/5 (Eylül2025), 1401-1405. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1708610.
JAMA Ercan N. Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025;8:1401–1405.
MLA Ercan, Nuri. “Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 8, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 1401-5, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1708610.
Vancouver Ercan N. Helminth Eggs Contamination of Commonly Consumed Leafy Green Vegetables in Kırşehir Province, Türkiye. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025;8(5):1401-5.

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