Bu çalışmada sözsüz davranışların gözlemlenmesi, yorumlanması ve psikolojik danışmanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir eğitim programı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sözsüz Davranış Eğitim Programı (SÖDEP), kuramsal, gözlem becerisini geliştirme, hipotez yazma ve hipotezleri test etme modüllerinden oluşmaktadır. Programın etkililiğini değerlendirmek için çalışmaya en az iki yıl deneyimli biri erkek olan yedi psikolojik danışman (Mage=29.57; SD=7.11) katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerinin toplanmasında kişisel bilgi formu, JACFEE fotoğraf seti, Kısa Süreli İfadeleri Tanıma Testi ve Sözsüz Davranış Bilgi Düzeyi Değerlendirme Testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların Sözsüz Davranış Bilgi Düzeyi Değerlendirme Testi (z= -2,366, p<.05) ve Kısa Süreli İfadeleri Tanıma Testi (z= -2,201, p<.05) ön-test ve son-test puanları arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğunu gösterirken; JACFEE için anlamlı bir fark yoktur (z-1.682, p>.05). Bulgular ışığında SÖDEP'in geliştirilmesi için nelerin gerekli olduğu tartışılmıştır.
Adigwe, P., & Okoro, E. (2016). Human communication and effective interpersonal relationships: An analysis of client counseling and emotional stability. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 5(03), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000336
Ambady, N., & Weisbuch, M. (2010). Nonverbal behavior. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 464–497). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001013
Arpita, P. (2012). A comparative study on facial emotion recognition ability and empathy in mental health, medical and non-clinical university students (Order No: 10169148). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (1825309150).
Babad, E. (2007). Teachers' nonverbal behavior and its effects on students. In The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 201-261). Springer, Dordrecht.
Benecke, C., Peham, D., & Bänninger-Huber, E. (2007). Nonverbal relationship regulation in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1-2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331327065
Bibring, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200412
Brugel, S., Postma-Nilsenová, M., & Tates, K. (2015). The link between perception of clinical empathy and nonverbal behavior: The effect of a doctor's gaze and body orientation. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(10), 1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.007
Chen, L., Shen, X., Yang, H., & Sui, H. (2018, May). Micro expression recognition training in college students. In 2018 First Asian Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII Asia) (pp. 1-3). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8470376
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.) (P. Ekman, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of social psychology (pp. 3–40). McGraw-Hill.
Dowell, N. M., & Berman, J. S. (2013). Therapist nonverbal behavior and perceptions of empathy, alliance, and treatment credibility. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031421
Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press. https://www.paulekman.com/resources/journal-articles/
Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed. New York: Times Books
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: Investigatoris guide. California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 10(2), 159–168. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00992253
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. California: Ishk.
Ekman, P., & Heider, K. G. (1988). The universality of a contempt expression: A replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), 303–308. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00993116
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.86
Endres, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2009). Micro-expression recognition training in medical students: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 9, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-47
Foley, G. N., & Gentile, J. P. (2010). Nonverbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(6), 38.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th.ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Gao, Z., Zhao, W., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Yang, C., & Xu, Y. (2021). Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 633717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633717
Griffin, J. W., Bauer, R., & Scherf, K. S. (2021). A quantitative meta-analysis of face recognition deficits in autism: 40 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 147(3), 268–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000310
Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.827
Hall E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Hutchison, A. N., & Gerstein, L. H. (2012). What's in a face? Counseling trainees' ability to read emotions. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028807
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
Jurist, E. L. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22(3), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426
Kollareth, D., Fernandez-Dols, J.-M., & Russell, J. A. (2018). Shame as a culture-specific emotion concept. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(3-4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340031
Krause, F. C., Linardatos, E., Fresco, D. M., & Moore, M. T. (2021). Facial emotion recognition in major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.053
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Facial expressions. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage.
Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014037
Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Routledge.
Panić, D., Mitrović, M., & Ćirović, N. (2022). Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Accuracy of Facial Emotion Recognition: A Preliminary Investigation. Psychological Reports, 332941221075248. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221075248
Paulick, J., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Thielemann, D., Altmann, U., Boyle, K., Strauß, B., & Lutz, W. (2018). Diagnostic features of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Comparing depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(5), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9914-9
Philippot, P., Feldman, R. S., & Coats, E. J. (Eds.). (2003). Nonverbal behavior in clinical settings. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.001.0001
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
Roter, D. L., Frankel, R. M., Hall, J. A., & Sluyter, D. (2006). The Expression of Emotion Through Nonverbal Behavior in Medical Visits: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(Suppl1), S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00306.x
Russell, T. A., Chu, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X90866
Salazar Kämpf, M., Nestler, S., Hansmeier, J., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2021). Mimicry in psychotherapy – an actor partner model of therapists' and patients' non-verbal behavior and its effects on the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 31(6), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1849849
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Sheeler, R. (2013). Nonverbal Communications in Medical Practice. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037
Staff, A. I., Luman, M., van der Oord, S., Bergwerff, C. E., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2021). Facial emotion recognition impairment predicts social and emotional problems in children with (subthreshold) adhd. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01709-y
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects. Springer.
YÖK (2022). Guidance and psychological counseling undergraduate program. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Rehberlik_ve_Psikolojik_Danismanlik_Lisans_Programi.pdf
Year 2024,
Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 646 - 656, 31.07.2024
Adigwe, P., & Okoro, E. (2016). Human communication and effective interpersonal relationships: An analysis of client counseling and emotional stability. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 5(03), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000336
Ambady, N., & Weisbuch, M. (2010). Nonverbal behavior. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 464–497). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001013
Arpita, P. (2012). A comparative study on facial emotion recognition ability and empathy in mental health, medical and non-clinical university students (Order No: 10169148). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (1825309150).
Babad, E. (2007). Teachers' nonverbal behavior and its effects on students. In The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 201-261). Springer, Dordrecht.
Benecke, C., Peham, D., & Bänninger-Huber, E. (2007). Nonverbal relationship regulation in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1-2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331327065
Bibring, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200412
Brugel, S., Postma-Nilsenová, M., & Tates, K. (2015). The link between perception of clinical empathy and nonverbal behavior: The effect of a doctor's gaze and body orientation. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(10), 1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.007
Chen, L., Shen, X., Yang, H., & Sui, H. (2018, May). Micro expression recognition training in college students. In 2018 First Asian Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII Asia) (pp. 1-3). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8470376
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.) (P. Ekman, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of social psychology (pp. 3–40). McGraw-Hill.
Dowell, N. M., & Berman, J. S. (2013). Therapist nonverbal behavior and perceptions of empathy, alliance, and treatment credibility. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031421
Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press. https://www.paulekman.com/resources/journal-articles/
Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed. New York: Times Books
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: Investigatoris guide. California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 10(2), 159–168. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00992253
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. California: Ishk.
Ekman, P., & Heider, K. G. (1988). The universality of a contempt expression: A replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), 303–308. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00993116
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.86
Endres, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2009). Micro-expression recognition training in medical students: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 9, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-47
Foley, G. N., & Gentile, J. P. (2010). Nonverbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(6), 38.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th.ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Gao, Z., Zhao, W., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Yang, C., & Xu, Y. (2021). Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 633717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633717
Griffin, J. W., Bauer, R., & Scherf, K. S. (2021). A quantitative meta-analysis of face recognition deficits in autism: 40 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 147(3), 268–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000310
Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.827
Hall E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Hutchison, A. N., & Gerstein, L. H. (2012). What's in a face? Counseling trainees' ability to read emotions. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028807
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
Jurist, E. L. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22(3), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426
Kollareth, D., Fernandez-Dols, J.-M., & Russell, J. A. (2018). Shame as a culture-specific emotion concept. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(3-4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340031
Krause, F. C., Linardatos, E., Fresco, D. M., & Moore, M. T. (2021). Facial emotion recognition in major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.053
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Facial expressions. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage.
Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014037
Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Routledge.
Panić, D., Mitrović, M., & Ćirović, N. (2022). Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Accuracy of Facial Emotion Recognition: A Preliminary Investigation. Psychological Reports, 332941221075248. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221075248
Paulick, J., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Thielemann, D., Altmann, U., Boyle, K., Strauß, B., & Lutz, W. (2018). Diagnostic features of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Comparing depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(5), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9914-9
Philippot, P., Feldman, R. S., & Coats, E. J. (Eds.). (2003). Nonverbal behavior in clinical settings. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.001.0001
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
Roter, D. L., Frankel, R. M., Hall, J. A., & Sluyter, D. (2006). The Expression of Emotion Through Nonverbal Behavior in Medical Visits: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(Suppl1), S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00306.x
Russell, T. A., Chu, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X90866
Salazar Kämpf, M., Nestler, S., Hansmeier, J., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2021). Mimicry in psychotherapy – an actor partner model of therapists' and patients' non-verbal behavior and its effects on the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 31(6), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1849849
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Sheeler, R. (2013). Nonverbal Communications in Medical Practice. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037
Staff, A. I., Luman, M., van der Oord, S., Bergwerff, C. E., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2021). Facial emotion recognition impairment predicts social and emotional problems in children with (subthreshold) adhd. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01709-y
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects. Springer.
YÖK (2022). Guidance and psychological counseling undergraduate program. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Rehberlik_ve_Psikolojik_Danismanlik_Lisans_Programi.pdf
Metin, A., & Doğan, T. (2024). Nonverbal Behavior Training Program: A Pilot Study on Psychological Counselors. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 13(3), 646-656.