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TRAVMA SONRASI BÜYÜME: BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 61 - 70, 29.12.2018

Öz

    Travma, gerçek bir ölüm veya ölüm tehdidinin bulunduğu, fiziksel veya yaşamsal bütünlüğe ilişkin bir

tehdidin meydana geldiği ve kişinin mevcut baş etme yöntemleri ile üstesinden gelemediği olağan dışı olaylar

olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Travmatik olayların olumsuz hem fiziksel sonuçları hem de anksiyete, depresyon,

alkol ve madde bağımlılığı, intihar ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu gibi çeşitli psikolojik sonuçları da

bulunmaktadır. Travmatik sürecin, kişinin çaresizlik ve güçsüzlüğü ile yüz yüze gelmesi durumu olduğu

belirtilmektedir. Travmatik olayların bireylerin bağ kurma, anlamlandırma ve denetleme duyumlarını, var olan

başa çıkma mekanizmalarını olumsuz yönde etkilediği ve kişinin uç noktada çaresizlik ve dehşet yaşamasına yol

açtığı bilinmektedir. Her travmatik olayın tüm bireylerde aynı etki ve sonuca neden olmadığı dikkat

çekmektedir. Travmanın bireyler üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin bulunduğu bilinmekle beraber; aynı zamanda

travmatik olaylara maruz kalan insanların travmatik olayla mücadelelerinden iyi sonuçlar ortaya çıkabileceğini

gösteren çalışmalara da rastlanmaktadır. Travma sonrası ortaya çıkan tüm tepkilerin olumsuz olmadığı

görülmekte ve bu durum travma sonrası büyüme (TSB) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. TSB’nin olduğu kişilerin

özeliklerinin bilinmesi, travma mağdurlarının bu süreçten güçlenerek çıkmalarına destek olunması açısından

önemlidir. Ayrıca, psikolojik travma ile ilgili alan yazında travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve TSB kavramlarının

çok az sayıda araştırmada bir arada ele alındığı görülmektedir. Bu derleme, TSB kavramını açıklamak amacıyla

hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abraído‐Lanza, Ana F., Guier, Carolina, Colón, Rose Marie. "Psychological Thriving AmongLatinas With Chronic İllness." Journal of Social Issues, 54.2, 1998, ss. 405‐424.American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM‐IV), 1994.Ano, Gene G., Erin B. Vasconcelles. "Religious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress:A Meta‐Analysis." Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61.4,2005, ss.461‐480.Benet‐Martinez, Veronica, Oliver P. John. "Los Cinco Grandes Across Cultures and EthnicGroups: Multitrait‐Multimethod Analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English." Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 75.3, 1998, ss. 729.Bossick, Brian Emil. An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between PosttraumaticGrowth and the Personality Traits of Hardiness, Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control, Self‐Efficacy, Resilience, and Optimism. Diss. University of Akron, 2008.Boztepe, Handan, Inci, Figen, Tanhan, Fuat. "Posttraumatic Growth in Mothers After InfantAdmission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Paediatria Croatica, 59.1, 2015, ss. 14‐18.Calhoun, Lawrence G., Tedeschi, Richard G. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician'sGuide. Routledge, 1999.Chan, Christian S., Jean E. Rhodes. "Religious Coping, Posttraumatic Stress, PsychologicalDistress, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Female Survivors Four Years After HurricaneKatrina." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26.2, 2013, ss. 257‐265.Coddington, R. Dean. "The Significance of Life Events as Etiologic Factors in the Diseases ofChildren—II A Study of a Normal Population." Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16.3, 1972, ss.205‐213.Calhoun, Lawrence G., Tedeschi. Richard G. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician'sGuide. Routledge, 1999.Creamer, Mark ve diğer. "Evaluation of the Dispositional Hope Scale in Injury Survivors."Journal of Research in Personality, 43.4, 2009, ss. 613‐617.Dürü, Çağay. "Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin ÇeşitliDeğişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi ve Bir Model Önerisi." Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2006.Elçi, Özcan. "Otizmi Olan Çocuk Ailelerinde Sosyal Destek, Stres Düzeyi ve Başa ÇıkmaStratejilerinin, Travma Sonrası Büyümeyi ve Tükenmişliği Yordama Düzeyi." Yayınlanmamışyüksek lisans tezi. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2004.Fraser, Mark W., Maeda J. Galinsky, Jack M. Richman. "Risk, Protection, and Resilience:Toward a Conceptual Framework for Social Work Practice." Social Work Research, 23.3, 1999, ss.131‐143.Frazier, Patricia, Conlon, Amy, Glaser, Theresa. "Positive and Negative Life Changes FollowingSexual Assault." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69.6, 2001, ss. 1048.Garland, Sheila N ve diğer. "A Non‐Randomized Comparison of Mindfulness‐Based StressReduction and Healing Arts Programs for Facilitating Post‐Traumatic Growth and Spirituality inCancer Outpatients." Supportive Care in Cancer, 15.8, 2007, ss. 949‐961.Garmezy, Norman. "Resiliency and Vulnerability to Adverse Developmental OutcomesAssociated with Poverty." American Behavioral Scientist, 34.4, 1991, ss. 416‐430.Gerber, Monica M. Boals, Adriel, Schuettler, Darnell. "The Unique Contributions of Positiveand Negative Religious Coping to Posttraumatic Growth and PTSD. " Psychology of Religion andSpirituality, 3.4, 2011, ss. 298.Guo, Ya‐Jun bve diğer. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Professional and Non‐Professional Rescuers Involved in an Earthquake in Taiwan." Psychiatry Research, 127.1‐2, 2004,ss. 35‐41.Harris, J. Irene, ve diğer "Christian Religious Functioning and Trauma Outcomes." Journal ofClinical Psycholog,y 64.1, 2008, ss. 17‐29.Herman, Judith Lewis. "Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and RepeatedTrauma." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5.3, 1992, ss. 377‐391.İnci, Figen, Boztepe, Handan. "Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Öldürmeyen Acı Güçlendirir mi?"Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4.2, 2013, ss. 80‐84.Karanci, Nuray A., Acarturk, Ceren. "Post‐Traumatic Growth Among Marmara EarthquakeSurvivors Involved in Disaster Preparedness as Volunteers." Traumatology, 11.4, 2005, ss. 307‐323.Kardaş, Ferhat, Tanhan, Fuat. "Van Depremi’ni Yaşayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin TravmaSonrası Stres Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Umutsuzluk Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısındanİncelenmesi. " Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Van: Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, 2013.Kılıç, Cengiz. "Ruhsal Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Gelişiminin Belirleyicileri: Bir GözdenGeçirme. Aker, Tamer ve Önder, M. Emin." Psikolojik Travma ve Sonuçları, 2003, ss. 51‐77.King, Laura A., Hicks, Joshua A. "Detecting and Constructing Meaning in Life Events." TheJournal of Positive Psychology, 4.5, 2009, ss. 317‐330.Kira, İbrahim A., ve diğer. "The Dynamics of Posttraumatic Growth Across Different TraumaTypes in a Palestinian Sample." Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18.2, 2013, ss. 120‐139.Kleim, Birgit, Ehlers, Anke. "Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between PosttraumaticGrowth and Posttrauma Depression and PTSD in Assault Survivors. " Journal of Traumatic Stress:Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22.1, 2009, ss. 45‐52.Linley, P. Alex, Joseph, Stephen. "Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: AReview." Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for TraumaticStress Studies, 17.1, 2004, ss. 11‐21.Lykins, Emily LB ve diğer. "Goal Shifts Following Reminders of Mortality: ReconcilingPosttraumatic Growth and Terror Management Theory." Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 33.8, 2007, ss. 1088‐1099.Mum, Nuray "İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü, Çocuk ve Genç Tutuklularda PsikolojikTravma Deneyimlerinin Belirlenmesi. " Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul: SosyalBilimler Enstitüsü, 2011.Nenova, Maria ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth, Social Support, and Social Constraint inHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors." Psycho‐Oncology, 22.1, 2013, ss. 195‐202.Özlü, Aslı, Yıldız, Mustafa, Aker, Tamer. "Posttraumatic Growth and Related Factors inCaregivers of Schizophrenia Patients." Issue,s 12, 2010, ss. 15.Öztürk, Erdinç. "Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Dissosiyatif Kimlik Bozukluğunun Psikoterapisi veAile Dinamikleri." İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri,1. Baskı, 2017.Önder, Emin, Tural, Ümit. "Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunda Tedavi Kılavuzu. AnksiyeteBozuklukları Tedavi Kılavuzu. " Ankara: Türk Psikiyatri Derneği, 2004.Park, Crystal L. "Stress‐Related Growth and Thriving Through Coping: The Roles ofPersonality and Cognitive Processes." Journal of Social Issues, 54.2, 1998, ss. 267‐277.Prati, Gabriele, Pietrantoni, Luca. "Optimism, Social Support, and Coping Strategies as FactorsContributing to Posttraumatic Growth: A Meta‐Analysis." Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14.5, 2009,ss. 364‐388.Salsman, John M. ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth and PTSD Symptomatology AmongColorectal Cancer Survivors: A 3‐Month Longitudinal Examination of Cognitive Processing."Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 18.1,2009, ss. 30‐41.Sargın, Nurten, Akdan, Müberra Feyza. Sonsuz Acı: Psikolojik Travma. Eğitim ve PsikolojidenYansımalar. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016, ss.5‐16.Sarısoy, Gizem. "Travma Sonrası Büyümenin Derecesinin ve Travma Sonrası BüyümeyiYordayan Etkenlerin Meme Kanseri Hastalarında İncelenmesi". Yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2012.Sawyer, Alexandra, Ayers, Susan. "Post‐Traumatic Growth in Women After Childbirth."Psychology and Health, 24.4, 2009, ss. 457‐471.Shakespeare‐Finch, Jane E. ve diğer. "The Prevalence of Post‐Traumatic Growth in EmergencyAmbulance Personnel." Traumatology, 9.1, 2003, ss. 58‐71.Shakespeare‐Finch, Jane, And Allysa J. Barrington. "Behavioural Changes Add Validity To TheConstruct Of Posttraumatic Growth." Journal Of Traumatic Stress 25.4 (2012): 433‐439.Sheikh, Alia I. "Posttraumatic Growth in Trauma Survivors: Implications for Practice."Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21.1, 2008, ss. 85‐97.Slyke, Jenna Van. Post‐Traumatic Growth.2014.Solomon, Zahava, Dekel, Rachel. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic GrowthAmong Israeli Ex‐Pows." Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the InternationalSociety for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20.3, 2007, ss. 303‐312.Sümer, Nebi, Sümer, H. Canan. "Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği. " Yayınlanmamış Çalışma.2005.Tedeschi, Richard G., Calhoun, Lawrence G. "The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuringthe Positive Legacy of Trauma." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9.3, 1996, ss. 455‐471.Tedeschi, Richard G., Park, Crystal L., Calhoun, Lawrence G. Posttraumatic Growth: PositiveChanges in the Aftermath of Crisis. Routledge, 1998.Tedeschi, Richard G., Calhoun, Lawrence G. "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundationsand Empirical Evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15.1, 2004, ss. 1‐18.Tennen, Howard, Affleck, Glenn. "Personality and Transformation in Me Face of Adversity."Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis, 1998, ss. 65.Teodorescu, Dinu‐Stefan ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth, Depressive Symptoms,Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Post‐Migration Stressors and Quality of Life in Multi‐Traumatized Psychiatric Outpatients with a Refugee Background in Norway." Health and Qualityof Life Outcomes, 10.1, 2012, ss. 84.Wagnild, Gail, Young. Heather. "Development and Psychometric." Journal of NursingMeasurement, 1.2, 1993, ss. 165‐178.Yılmaz, Banu. "Search‐Rescue Workers Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic StressSymptoms and Associated Variables." Doctoral thesis. Ankara: Ankara University Institute OfSocial Sciences, Psychology Department, 2006.Yüksel, Şahika. "Felakete Uyum ve Ruh Sağlığı". Klinik Psikiyatri, 3, 2000, ss. 5‐11.Zoellner, Tanja, Maercker, Andreas. "Posttraumatic Growth in Clinical Psychology—A CriticalReview and Introduction of a Two Component Model." Clinical Psychology Review 26.5, 2006, ss.626‐653.

POST TRAUMATIC GROWTH: A REVIEW

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 61 - 70, 29.12.2018

Öz

    Trauma is characterized by unusual events, where there is a real death or death threat, a threat to physical

or vital integrity, and where one can not overcome with the current coping strategies. Traumatic events have

both negative physical consequences and various psychological consequences like anxiety, depression, alcohol

and substance abuse, suicide and post‐traumatic stress disorder. It is stated that individuals face with their

desperateness and weakness during traumatic process. Traumatic events affect bonding, interpretation,

inspection and coping skills of people and they lead to desperation and frightfulness. Every traumatic events do

not lead to same effect and result on people. It is known that trauma has negative effects on individuals; at the

same time, some studies show that people who are exposed to traumatic events may have good results from

their struggles with traumatic events. All post‐traumatic responses are not negative, and this condition is called

as post‐traumatic growth (PTG). Known properties of the individuals with PTG is important to support the

trauma survivors to overcome this process as stronger. In addition, it is observed that the concepts of

posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTG, as together, are dealt with in limited number of studies in the

literature related to psychological trauma. The current article summarizes the concept of PTG.

Kaynakça

  • Abraído‐Lanza, Ana F., Guier, Carolina, Colón, Rose Marie. "Psychological Thriving AmongLatinas With Chronic İllness." Journal of Social Issues, 54.2, 1998, ss. 405‐424.American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM‐IV), 1994.Ano, Gene G., Erin B. Vasconcelles. "Religious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress:A Meta‐Analysis." Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61.4,2005, ss.461‐480.Benet‐Martinez, Veronica, Oliver P. John. "Los Cinco Grandes Across Cultures and EthnicGroups: Multitrait‐Multimethod Analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English." Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 75.3, 1998, ss. 729.Bossick, Brian Emil. An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between PosttraumaticGrowth and the Personality Traits of Hardiness, Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control, Self‐Efficacy, Resilience, and Optimism. Diss. University of Akron, 2008.Boztepe, Handan, Inci, Figen, Tanhan, Fuat. "Posttraumatic Growth in Mothers After InfantAdmission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Paediatria Croatica, 59.1, 2015, ss. 14‐18.Calhoun, Lawrence G., Tedeschi, Richard G. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician'sGuide. Routledge, 1999.Chan, Christian S., Jean E. Rhodes. "Religious Coping, Posttraumatic Stress, PsychologicalDistress, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Female Survivors Four Years After HurricaneKatrina." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26.2, 2013, ss. 257‐265.Coddington, R. Dean. "The Significance of Life Events as Etiologic Factors in the Diseases ofChildren—II A Study of a Normal Population." Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16.3, 1972, ss.205‐213.Calhoun, Lawrence G., Tedeschi. Richard G. Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician'sGuide. Routledge, 1999.Creamer, Mark ve diğer. "Evaluation of the Dispositional Hope Scale in Injury Survivors."Journal of Research in Personality, 43.4, 2009, ss. 613‐617.Dürü, Çağay. "Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri ve Travma Sonrası Büyümenin ÇeşitliDeğişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi ve Bir Model Önerisi." Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2006.Elçi, Özcan. "Otizmi Olan Çocuk Ailelerinde Sosyal Destek, Stres Düzeyi ve Başa ÇıkmaStratejilerinin, Travma Sonrası Büyümeyi ve Tükenmişliği Yordama Düzeyi." Yayınlanmamışyüksek lisans tezi. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2004.Fraser, Mark W., Maeda J. Galinsky, Jack M. Richman. "Risk, Protection, and Resilience:Toward a Conceptual Framework for Social Work Practice." Social Work Research, 23.3, 1999, ss.131‐143.Frazier, Patricia, Conlon, Amy, Glaser, Theresa. "Positive and Negative Life Changes FollowingSexual Assault." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69.6, 2001, ss. 1048.Garland, Sheila N ve diğer. "A Non‐Randomized Comparison of Mindfulness‐Based StressReduction and Healing Arts Programs for Facilitating Post‐Traumatic Growth and Spirituality inCancer Outpatients." Supportive Care in Cancer, 15.8, 2007, ss. 949‐961.Garmezy, Norman. "Resiliency and Vulnerability to Adverse Developmental OutcomesAssociated with Poverty." American Behavioral Scientist, 34.4, 1991, ss. 416‐430.Gerber, Monica M. Boals, Adriel, Schuettler, Darnell. "The Unique Contributions of Positiveand Negative Religious Coping to Posttraumatic Growth and PTSD. " Psychology of Religion andSpirituality, 3.4, 2011, ss. 298.Guo, Ya‐Jun bve diğer. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Professional and Non‐Professional Rescuers Involved in an Earthquake in Taiwan." Psychiatry Research, 127.1‐2, 2004,ss. 35‐41.Harris, J. Irene, ve diğer "Christian Religious Functioning and Trauma Outcomes." Journal ofClinical Psycholog,y 64.1, 2008, ss. 17‐29.Herman, Judith Lewis. "Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and RepeatedTrauma." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5.3, 1992, ss. 377‐391.İnci, Figen, Boztepe, Handan. "Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Öldürmeyen Acı Güçlendirir mi?"Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4.2, 2013, ss. 80‐84.Karanci, Nuray A., Acarturk, Ceren. "Post‐Traumatic Growth Among Marmara EarthquakeSurvivors Involved in Disaster Preparedness as Volunteers." Traumatology, 11.4, 2005, ss. 307‐323.Kardaş, Ferhat, Tanhan, Fuat. "Van Depremi’ni Yaşayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin TravmaSonrası Stres Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Umutsuzluk Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısındanİncelenmesi. " Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Van: Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, 2013.Kılıç, Cengiz. "Ruhsal Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Gelişiminin Belirleyicileri: Bir GözdenGeçirme. Aker, Tamer ve Önder, M. Emin." Psikolojik Travma ve Sonuçları, 2003, ss. 51‐77.King, Laura A., Hicks, Joshua A. "Detecting and Constructing Meaning in Life Events." TheJournal of Positive Psychology, 4.5, 2009, ss. 317‐330.Kira, İbrahim A., ve diğer. "The Dynamics of Posttraumatic Growth Across Different TraumaTypes in a Palestinian Sample." Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18.2, 2013, ss. 120‐139.Kleim, Birgit, Ehlers, Anke. "Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between PosttraumaticGrowth and Posttrauma Depression and PTSD in Assault Survivors. " Journal of Traumatic Stress:Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22.1, 2009, ss. 45‐52.Linley, P. Alex, Joseph, Stephen. "Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: AReview." Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for TraumaticStress Studies, 17.1, 2004, ss. 11‐21.Lykins, Emily LB ve diğer. "Goal Shifts Following Reminders of Mortality: ReconcilingPosttraumatic Growth and Terror Management Theory." Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 33.8, 2007, ss. 1088‐1099.Mum, Nuray "İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü, Çocuk ve Genç Tutuklularda PsikolojikTravma Deneyimlerinin Belirlenmesi. " Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul: SosyalBilimler Enstitüsü, 2011.Nenova, Maria ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth, Social Support, and Social Constraint inHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors." Psycho‐Oncology, 22.1, 2013, ss. 195‐202.Özlü, Aslı, Yıldız, Mustafa, Aker, Tamer. "Posttraumatic Growth and Related Factors inCaregivers of Schizophrenia Patients." Issue,s 12, 2010, ss. 15.Öztürk, Erdinç. "Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Dissosiyatif Kimlik Bozukluğunun Psikoterapisi veAile Dinamikleri." İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri,1. Baskı, 2017.Önder, Emin, Tural, Ümit. "Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunda Tedavi Kılavuzu. AnksiyeteBozuklukları Tedavi Kılavuzu. " Ankara: Türk Psikiyatri Derneği, 2004.Park, Crystal L. "Stress‐Related Growth and Thriving Through Coping: The Roles ofPersonality and Cognitive Processes." Journal of Social Issues, 54.2, 1998, ss. 267‐277.Prati, Gabriele, Pietrantoni, Luca. "Optimism, Social Support, and Coping Strategies as FactorsContributing to Posttraumatic Growth: A Meta‐Analysis." Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14.5, 2009,ss. 364‐388.Salsman, John M. ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth and PTSD Symptomatology AmongColorectal Cancer Survivors: A 3‐Month Longitudinal Examination of Cognitive Processing."Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 18.1,2009, ss. 30‐41.Sargın, Nurten, Akdan, Müberra Feyza. Sonsuz Acı: Psikolojik Travma. Eğitim ve PsikolojidenYansımalar. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016, ss.5‐16.Sarısoy, Gizem. "Travma Sonrası Büyümenin Derecesinin ve Travma Sonrası BüyümeyiYordayan Etkenlerin Meme Kanseri Hastalarında İncelenmesi". Yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2012.Sawyer, Alexandra, Ayers, Susan. "Post‐Traumatic Growth in Women After Childbirth."Psychology and Health, 24.4, 2009, ss. 457‐471.Shakespeare‐Finch, Jane E. ve diğer. "The Prevalence of Post‐Traumatic Growth in EmergencyAmbulance Personnel." Traumatology, 9.1, 2003, ss. 58‐71.Shakespeare‐Finch, Jane, And Allysa J. Barrington. "Behavioural Changes Add Validity To TheConstruct Of Posttraumatic Growth." Journal Of Traumatic Stress 25.4 (2012): 433‐439.Sheikh, Alia I. "Posttraumatic Growth in Trauma Survivors: Implications for Practice."Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21.1, 2008, ss. 85‐97.Slyke, Jenna Van. Post‐Traumatic Growth.2014.Solomon, Zahava, Dekel, Rachel. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic GrowthAmong Israeli Ex‐Pows." Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the InternationalSociety for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20.3, 2007, ss. 303‐312.Sümer, Nebi, Sümer, H. Canan. "Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği. " Yayınlanmamış Çalışma.2005.Tedeschi, Richard G., Calhoun, Lawrence G. "The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuringthe Positive Legacy of Trauma." Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9.3, 1996, ss. 455‐471.Tedeschi, Richard G., Park, Crystal L., Calhoun, Lawrence G. Posttraumatic Growth: PositiveChanges in the Aftermath of Crisis. Routledge, 1998.Tedeschi, Richard G., Calhoun, Lawrence G. "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundationsand Empirical Evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15.1, 2004, ss. 1‐18.Tennen, Howard, Affleck, Glenn. "Personality and Transformation in Me Face of Adversity."Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis, 1998, ss. 65.Teodorescu, Dinu‐Stefan ve diğer. "Posttraumatic Growth, Depressive Symptoms,Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Post‐Migration Stressors and Quality of Life in Multi‐Traumatized Psychiatric Outpatients with a Refugee Background in Norway." Health and Qualityof Life Outcomes, 10.1, 2012, ss. 84.Wagnild, Gail, Young. Heather. "Development and Psychometric." Journal of NursingMeasurement, 1.2, 1993, ss. 165‐178.Yılmaz, Banu. "Search‐Rescue Workers Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic StressSymptoms and Associated Variables." Doctoral thesis. Ankara: Ankara University Institute OfSocial Sciences, Psychology Department, 2006.Yüksel, Şahika. "Felakete Uyum ve Ruh Sağlığı". Klinik Psikiyatri, 3, 2000, ss. 5‐11.Zoellner, Tanja, Maercker, Andreas. "Posttraumatic Growth in Clinical Psychology—A CriticalReview and Introduction of a Two Component Model." Clinical Psychology Review 26.5, 2006, ss.626‐653.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gizem Akcan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akcan, G. (2018). TRAVMA SONRASI BÜYÜME: BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 61-70.