İNGİLİZ KOLONİSİ KENYA´NIN BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİ: MAU MAU HAREKETİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 15 - 32, 25.12.2019

Hüseyin Günarslan

Öz

Bu çalışma İngiltere´nin bir kolonisi olan Kenya´nın bağımsızlık mücadelesini gerçekleştiren Mau Mau hareketini ele almaktadır. Mau Mau hareketinin gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetlerin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma ile hareket mensuplarının İngilizlere karşı vermiş olduğu mücadele sayesinde Kenya´nın bağımsızlığına giden sürecin başladığı tespit edilmiştir. İngilizlerin sıkıyönetim altında Mau Mau hareketi mensuplarına ve Kenya halkına aşırı şiddet ve işkence uyguladığı belirlenmiştir. Kenya´nın en büyük kabilesi olan Kikuyu halkına mensup bir milyon kişinin zorla göç ettirildiği, Mau Mau hareketine mensup binlerce kişinin toplama kamplarında işkence altında öldürüldükleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Mau Mau hareketinin İngilizlerin orantısız güç kullanımı altında etkisini kaybetmesine rağmen Kenya halkının bağımsızlık mücadelesinden vazgeçmediği ve nihayetinde İngilizler´den bağımsızlıklarını dökülen kanları ile aldıklarına dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kenya, İngiltere, Mau Mau, Toplama Kampları, İşkence, Katliam

BRITISH COLONY KENYA'S INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE: MAU MAU MOVEMENT

Öz

This study deals with the Mau Mau movement, which is a colony of England, fighting for the independence of Kenya. It is aimed to determine the activities of Mau Mau movement. It was determined that the process leading to the independence of Kenya began through the struggle of the members of the movement by the British. It was found that the British, under extreme command, used the extreme violence and torture to the Kenyan people and the Mau Mau movement. It has been revealed that a million people from Kikuyu, the largest tribe in Kenya, were forcibly displaced and thousands of people from the Mau Mau movement were killed in torture in concentration camps. It was noted that the Mau Mau movement did not give up the struggle of independence of the people of Kenya despite the British's loss of power under the use of disproportionate force, and ultimately received their independence from the British.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kenya, England, Mau Mau, Detention Camps, Torture, Massacre

Kaynakça

• Bates (1955). Appreciation by the Commander-in-Chief of the Operational Situation in Kenya in June 1955, AA 45/56A Vol I, 007979-8000. Bates (1955). East African Standard, 3 ½ Years’ Jail for Officers, 22 October 1955. AA 007202, 45/55/2A. Bates (1957). Memorandum by the Chief Secretary, Disciplinary Action Against Officers Of The Public Service Arising Out Of The Ill-Treatment Of Detainees At Gathigiriri Works Camp, 13 August 1957. CS, VOL XXXV-45B, 021556-57. BBC News (2012, July 17). Mau Mau Case: UK Government Accepts Abuse Took Place, BBC News UK, July 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18874040 (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mart 2019). BBC News (2012, July 10). Kenya Condemned Over Mau Mau Case Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18782968 (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mart 2019). Bennett, Huw (2011). Soldiers in the Court Room: The British Army's Part in the Kenya Emergency Under the Legal Spotlight, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 717-730. Beauttah, James (2006). Quoted in, Kinyatti, Maina Wa. (Forthcoming): “History of resistance in Kenya, 1885-2002: Kenyatta and Kanu betrayed Mau Mau”. (The Quotations Are Taken From An Early Draft). Nairobi, Vita Books. Blundell, Michael (1995). The Present Situation in Kenya, African Affairs, 101. Carruthers, Susan (2005). Being Beastly to the Mau Mau,Twentieth Century British History, 16(4), 489-496. Chief Secretary's Complaints Co-Ordinating Committee (20 September 1954). Rec. 301, CAB 19/4 Vol. I, 011768-011769. Chief Secretary's Complaints Co-Ordinating Committee (7 March 1955). Rec. 301, CAB 19/4 Vol. I, 011709-011710. Chief Secretary's Complaints Co-Ordinating Committee (5 September 1956). Rec. 302, CAB 19/4 Vol. II, 011916-011920. Chief Secretary's Complaints Co-Ordinating Committee (19 June 1957). Rec. 302, CAB 19/4 Vol. II, 011879-011883. Chief Secretary's Complaints Co-Ordinating Committee (16 July 1958). Rec. 302, CAB 19/4 Vol. II, 011841-011842. Cone, L.W. and Lipscomb, J.F. (1972). The History of Kenya Agriculture, Nairobi: University Press of Africa. Devereux, David R. (1990). The Formulation of British Defence Policy Towards the Middle East, 1948-56, New York: St. Martin's Press. Durani, Shiraz (2006). Never be Silent, London: Vita Books. Elkins, Caroline (2005) Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 4. Elkins, Caroline, Ndiku Mutua and 4 Others and Foreign And Commonwealth Office, Witness Statement Of Caroline Macy Elkins, The High Court Of Justice, Claim No: HQ09X02666. Endre, Sik (1974). The History of Black Africa, Vol. IV. Translated by Sandor Simon, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. Gregoire, Paul (2017). Crimes Against Humanity: The British Empire, Global Research-Centre for Research on Globalization. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Mart 2019). https://www.globalresearch.ca/crimesagainsthumanitythebritishempire/5597781 Hadingham, K.P. (1954). Assistant Commissioner of Police, The Situation in South Nyeri Reserve with Particular Reference to Mathira, 14 December 1954, AA 45/55/2/2A, Bates, 007765-67, Horne, Alistair, (1989). Macmillan 1957-1986, New York: Viking. Jenkins, Cathy. (2004). President Moi; Opposition Says It Is An Election Ploy, BBC World Service, 22 March, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1236807.stm (Erişim Tarihi: 23Şubat 2019). Kanogo, Tabitha (1987). Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau 1905-63, London: James Currey. Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). Mau Mau Detainee; The Account a Kenyan African of His Experiences İn Detention Camps, 1953-1960, Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Kenya Weekly News, 19 November, 1954. Kershaw, Greet (1997). Mau Mau from Below, Athens: Ohio University Press . Koster, Mickie Mwanzia (2013). Mau Mau Reparations, Memorialization And Kenya’s Future: Reflections After Fifty Years Of Independence, KESSA Proceedings, 29-34. Lonsdale, John (1986), The Depression and the Second World War in the Transformation of Kenya, David Killingrav and Richard Rathbone (eds.). Africa and the Second World War,New York: St. Martin's Press, 97-142. Lonsdale, John (1992). The Conquest State of Kenya 1895-1905, Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale (ed.). Unhappy Valley Conflict in Kenya and Africa, Book One: State and Class,London: James Currey, 13-44, Maina, Paul (1977). Six Mau Mau Generals, Nairobi: Gazelle Books Co. Memorandum on the Aggregation of the Population into Villages in Rural Areas, (12 April, 1954). KNA, AB 2/53/1 Oneko, Ramogi Achieng (1966) Detention days, Pio Gama Pinto, Independent Kenya’s First Martyr. Padmore, George (1953). Behind the Mau Mau, Phylon, 355-372 Page, Malcolm (1998). KAR: A History of the King's African Rifles and East African Forces, London: Leo Cooper. Percox, D. A. (2001). Circumstances Short of Global War: British Defence, Colonial Internal Security, and Decolonisation in Kenya, 1945-65, Phd Thesis, University of Nottingham. Pilger, John (2004). Iraq Is a War Of National Liberation, New Statesman 15 Apr. Sherwood, M. (2006). Introduction, in The Book of Durani, Never be Silent, London: Vita Books. Sicherman, Carol (1990). Ngugi Wa Thiong’o: The Making Of A Rebel: A Source Book in Kenyan Literature And Resistance, London: Hans Zell. (Documentary Research in African Literature, 1). Slaughter, Barbara (1999). How Britain Crushed The ‘Mau Mau Rebellion’ – Channel Four TV’s Secret History – Mau Mau, A Report On The Programme. Souza, F.R.S. De (1954). End of Empire Documents, Interview, Mss Emp. 527/8. Times (30 September, 1954). London. (Young Mau Mau Activists). The Guardian (2009, June 22). Mau Mau Veteran: I Still Suffer From Pain. The Official Gazette of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (Undated). Malpass, H. Nairobi, Government Printer. Throup, David W. (1987). Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau 1945-53, London: Currey. Thomas, T.N. (1985). Indians Overseas: A Guide to Source Materials in the India Office Records for the Study of Indian Emigration, 1830-1950, London. Thurston, Anne (1991). Guide to Archives and Manuscripts Relating to Kenya and East Africa in the United Kingdom, London: Hans Zell, xiii. Wa-Githumo, Mwangi (1991). The Truth About the Mau Mau Movement: The Most Popular Uprising in Kenya, Transafrican Journal of History, 1-18. World News and Views (1953). The Burning Shame of Kenya, London, Vol. 33, N0. 48. 5 December, 1953, 576.