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MODERNIZATION AND RURAL CHANGE IN TURKEY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM VISUAL HISTORY

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30 - 51, 30.06.2020

Öz

The village question and rural change in Turkish history has been one of the most enduring debates in the historiography. In this essay, I propose to revisit modernization theory of 1950s and 60s by bringing in visual history. Turkish studies in the post-World War II era was at the forefront of modernization studies at the time. I argue that such works were not able to take into full consideration the transformations in daily life. To trace the changes in daily life brought by the Kemalist modernization project, I look at everyday visual artifacts and encounters. Particularly, I focus on the figure of the hoca and its representations in the public sphere in the early republican period.

Kaynakça

  • Adalet, B. (2018). Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey. Stanford University Press.
  • Altan, C. (2005). Populism and Peasant Iconography: Turkish painting in the 1930s. Middle Eastern Studies, 41(4), 547–560.
  • Ari, E. (2004). The People’s Houses and the Theatre in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(4), 32–58.
  • Bah, U. (2008). Daniel Lerner, Cold War Propaganda and US Development Communication Research: An Historical Critique. Journal of Third World Studies, 25, 183–198.
  • Bozdogan, S. (2001). Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic. University of Washington Press.
  • Citino, N. J. (2008). The Ottoman Legacy in Cold War Modernization. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40(4), 579–597.
  • Converse, J. M. (1987). Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960. University of California Press.
  • Cumings, B. (1997). Boundary displacement: Area studies and international studies during and after the cold war. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 29(1), 6–26.
  • Davison, R. H. (1962). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Bernard Lewis. The Journal of Modern History, 34(4), 446–447.
  • Diamond, S. (1992). Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945-1955. Oxford University Press.
  • Göçek, F. M. (1998). Political Cartoons in the Middle East. Markus Wiener Publishers.
  • Göksel, O. (2016). In Search of a Non-Eurocentric Understanding of Modernization: Turkey as a Case of “Multiple Modernities.” Mediterranean Politics, 21(2), 246–267.
  • House, J. S., Juster, F. T., Kahn, R. L., Schuman, H., & Singer, E. (Eds.). (2004). A Telescope on Society: Survey Research and Social Science at the University of Michigan and Beyond. University of Michigan Press.
  • Hyman, H. (1991). Taking Society’s Measure: A Personal History of Survey Research. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lerner, D. (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. The Free Press.
  • Lerner, D., & Merton, R. K. (1951). Social Scientists and Research Policy. In D. Lerner & H. D. Lasswell (Eds.), The Policy Sciences: Recent Developments in Scope and Method (pp. 282–307). Stanford University Press.
  • Lewis, B. (1961). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Lockman, Z. (2009). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Magnarella, P. J., & Türkdoğan, O. (1976). The Development of Turkish Social Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology, 17(2), 263–274.
  • Mardin, S. (1962). The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Oxford University Press.
  • McCaughey, R. A. (1984). International Studies and Academic Enterprise: A Chapter in the Enclosure of American Learning. Columbia University Press.
  • Meeker, M. E. (2002). A Nation of Empire: Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity. University of California Press.
  • MIT hints unit had link to CIA; Indicates Study Center Was Once Financed by Agency. (1964, June 30). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/30/archives/mit-hints-unit-had-link-to-cia-indicates-study-center-was-once.html
  • Mitchell, W. J. T. (2002). Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture, 1, 165–181.
  • Olson, E. A. (1986). Anthropological and Sociological Studies of Turkey: An American Perspective. Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 10(2), 69–78.
  • Örnek, C. (2012). From Analysis to Policy: Turkish Studies in the 1950s and the Diplomacy of Ideas. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(6), 941–959.
  • Öztürkmen, A. (2003). Modern Dance Alla Turca: Transforming Ottoman Dance in Early Republican Turkey. Dance Research Journal, 35(1), 38–60.
  • Rafael, V. L. (1994). The Cultures of Area Studies in the United States. Social Text, 41, 91–111.
  • Rivlin, B., & Szyliowicz, J. S. (Eds.). (1965). The Contemporary Middle East, Tradition and Innovation. Random House.
  • Rustow, D. A. (1967). A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization. The Brookings Institution.
  • Sackley, N. (2011). The village as Cold War site: experts, development, and the history of rural reconstruction*. Journal of Global History, 6(3), 481–504.
  • Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
  • Samuels, R. J., & Weiner, M. (Eds.). (1992). The Political culture of foreign area and international studies: essays in honor of Lucian W. Pye. Brassey’s.
  • Sekizinci, İ. A. N. (2001). Şeri’ye Mahkemesinde. In M. Rebii & H. Baraz (Eds.), Toplu Eserleri Cilt III. T. C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Seremetakis, C. N. (1994). The Memory of Senses: Historical Perception, Commensal Exchange, and Modernity. In L. Castaing-Taylor (Ed.), Visualizing Theory: Selected Essays from V.A.R. 1990-1994. Routledge.
  • Simpson, C. (Ed.). (1999). Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences During the Cold War. New Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1963). Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878-1918. University of Washington Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1964). Economic and Political Modernization: Turkey. In R. E. Ward & D. A. Rustow (Eds.), Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton University Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1977). Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804. University of Washington Press.
  • Sugar, P. F., & Lederer, I. J. (Eds.). (1969). Nationalism in Eastern Europe. University of Washington Press.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1966). The Political Change in Rural Turkey, Erdemli: A Case Study. The Hague.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1973). Education and Modernization in the Middle East. Cornell University Press.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1991). Politics, Technology, and Development: Decision Making in the Turkish Iron and Steel Industry. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Worcester, K. W. (2001). Social Science Research Council, 1923-1998. Social Science Research Council.

TÜRKİYE’DE MODERNLEŞME VE KIRSAL DEĞİŞİM: GÖRSEL TARİHTEN BİR BAKIŞ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30 - 51, 30.06.2020

Öz

Türkiye tarihinde köy meselesi ve kırsal değişim tarih yazımında en kalıcı tartışmalardan biri olmuştur. Bu makalede, 1950 ve 60larda ki modernleşme kuramını görsel tarihi kullanarak yeniden değerlendirmeyi sunuyorum. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Türkiye çalışmaları dönemin modernleşme çalışmalarının önde gelenlerindendi. Bu çalışmalar gündelik yaşamın dönüşümlerini tam anlamıyla dikkate alamadılar. Kemalist modernleşme projesinin getirdiği gündelik yaşamdaki değişimlerin izini sürebilmek için gündelik görsel eserlere ve rastlaşmalara bakıyorum. Özellikle erken cumhuriyet döneminde hoca figürüne ve onun kamusal alandaki temsillerine odaklanıyorum.

Kaynakça

  • Adalet, B. (2018). Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey. Stanford University Press.
  • Altan, C. (2005). Populism and Peasant Iconography: Turkish painting in the 1930s. Middle Eastern Studies, 41(4), 547–560.
  • Ari, E. (2004). The People’s Houses and the Theatre in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(4), 32–58.
  • Bah, U. (2008). Daniel Lerner, Cold War Propaganda and US Development Communication Research: An Historical Critique. Journal of Third World Studies, 25, 183–198.
  • Bozdogan, S. (2001). Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic. University of Washington Press.
  • Citino, N. J. (2008). The Ottoman Legacy in Cold War Modernization. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40(4), 579–597.
  • Converse, J. M. (1987). Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960. University of California Press.
  • Cumings, B. (1997). Boundary displacement: Area studies and international studies during and after the cold war. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 29(1), 6–26.
  • Davison, R. H. (1962). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Bernard Lewis. The Journal of Modern History, 34(4), 446–447.
  • Diamond, S. (1992). Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945-1955. Oxford University Press.
  • Göçek, F. M. (1998). Political Cartoons in the Middle East. Markus Wiener Publishers.
  • Göksel, O. (2016). In Search of a Non-Eurocentric Understanding of Modernization: Turkey as a Case of “Multiple Modernities.” Mediterranean Politics, 21(2), 246–267.
  • House, J. S., Juster, F. T., Kahn, R. L., Schuman, H., & Singer, E. (Eds.). (2004). A Telescope on Society: Survey Research and Social Science at the University of Michigan and Beyond. University of Michigan Press.
  • Hyman, H. (1991). Taking Society’s Measure: A Personal History of Survey Research. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lerner, D. (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. The Free Press.
  • Lerner, D., & Merton, R. K. (1951). Social Scientists and Research Policy. In D. Lerner & H. D. Lasswell (Eds.), The Policy Sciences: Recent Developments in Scope and Method (pp. 282–307). Stanford University Press.
  • Lewis, B. (1961). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Lockman, Z. (2009). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Magnarella, P. J., & Türkdoğan, O. (1976). The Development of Turkish Social Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology, 17(2), 263–274.
  • Mardin, S. (1962). The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Oxford University Press.
  • McCaughey, R. A. (1984). International Studies and Academic Enterprise: A Chapter in the Enclosure of American Learning. Columbia University Press.
  • Meeker, M. E. (2002). A Nation of Empire: Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity. University of California Press.
  • MIT hints unit had link to CIA; Indicates Study Center Was Once Financed by Agency. (1964, June 30). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/30/archives/mit-hints-unit-had-link-to-cia-indicates-study-center-was-once.html
  • Mitchell, W. J. T. (2002). Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture, 1, 165–181.
  • Olson, E. A. (1986). Anthropological and Sociological Studies of Turkey: An American Perspective. Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 10(2), 69–78.
  • Örnek, C. (2012). From Analysis to Policy: Turkish Studies in the 1950s and the Diplomacy of Ideas. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(6), 941–959.
  • Öztürkmen, A. (2003). Modern Dance Alla Turca: Transforming Ottoman Dance in Early Republican Turkey. Dance Research Journal, 35(1), 38–60.
  • Rafael, V. L. (1994). The Cultures of Area Studies in the United States. Social Text, 41, 91–111.
  • Rivlin, B., & Szyliowicz, J. S. (Eds.). (1965). The Contemporary Middle East, Tradition and Innovation. Random House.
  • Rustow, D. A. (1967). A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization. The Brookings Institution.
  • Sackley, N. (2011). The village as Cold War site: experts, development, and the history of rural reconstruction*. Journal of Global History, 6(3), 481–504.
  • Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
  • Samuels, R. J., & Weiner, M. (Eds.). (1992). The Political culture of foreign area and international studies: essays in honor of Lucian W. Pye. Brassey’s.
  • Sekizinci, İ. A. N. (2001). Şeri’ye Mahkemesinde. In M. Rebii & H. Baraz (Eds.), Toplu Eserleri Cilt III. T. C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Seremetakis, C. N. (1994). The Memory of Senses: Historical Perception, Commensal Exchange, and Modernity. In L. Castaing-Taylor (Ed.), Visualizing Theory: Selected Essays from V.A.R. 1990-1994. Routledge.
  • Simpson, C. (Ed.). (1999). Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences During the Cold War. New Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1963). Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878-1918. University of Washington Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1964). Economic and Political Modernization: Turkey. In R. E. Ward & D. A. Rustow (Eds.), Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton University Press.
  • Sugar, P. F. (1977). Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804. University of Washington Press.
  • Sugar, P. F., & Lederer, I. J. (Eds.). (1969). Nationalism in Eastern Europe. University of Washington Press.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1966). The Political Change in Rural Turkey, Erdemli: A Case Study. The Hague.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1973). Education and Modernization in the Middle East. Cornell University Press.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1991). Politics, Technology, and Development: Decision Making in the Turkish Iron and Steel Industry. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Worcester, K. W. (2001). Social Science Research Council, 1923-1998. Social Science Research Council.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm araştırma makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bilal Ali Kotil 0000-0002-7683-4971

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kotil, B. A. (2020). MODERNIZATION AND RURAL CHANGE IN TURKEY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM VISUAL HISTORY. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış, 4(1), 30-51.