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The Study of Language and Literature in The Traditional American College (1638-1870)

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 28 - 49, 01.06.2013

Öz

This paper examines the earliest period of American higher education, the period of the traditional college, when the humanities, and especially literature and language, reigned supreme as curricular subjects and when college students were obliged, since their curriculum was almost entirely prescribed, to focus on such subjects. I aim to show, first, how the traditional college was organized, second, what subjects formed the prescribed curriculum, third, which pedagogic methods were used and, fourth, how and why literature and language were taught. After this, I will review the social, cultural and intellectual aims of the traditional college and discuss the role played by the study of the humanities and, more specifically, by the study of literature and language. Finally, I will discuss the reasons for the decline of the traditional college system and the consequences this had for the academic study of the humanities and of literature and language.

Kaynakça

  • BAGG, Lyman Hotchkiss (1871), Four Years at Yale. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield.
  • BECKER, Carl (1943), Cornell University: Founders and Founding. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
  • BLAU, Joseph, ed. and introd. (1947), Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850. NY: Liberal Arts Press.
  • CAMPBELL, Oscar James (1957), “The Department of English and Comparative Literature.” A History of the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University. Introd. J.H. Randall. NY: Columbia UP.
  • CHACE, William M. (2009), “The Decline of the English Department.” The American Scholar Autumn 2009. 12 May 2013. <http://theamericanscholar.org/the-decline-of-the-english-department/>
  • CHAMBERLAIN, Joshua L. (1901), “Universities of Learning.” University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristic. Boston: R. Herndon.
  • CONSER, Walter H. (1933), God and the Natural World: Religion and Science in Antebellum America. Columbia: U of South Carolina P. DEXTER, Franklin Bowditch (1896), Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History, 1745-1763. Vol. 2 NY: Henry Holt.
  • DWIGHT, Timothy (1903), Memories of Yale Life and Men, 1845-1897. NY: Dodd, Mead.
  • ELLIOTT, Philip (1972), The Sociology of the Professions. London: Macmillan.
  • EMERSON, Ralph Waldo (1844), “New England Reformers.” Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson Vol. 3 Joseph Slater et al. (eds.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1983, pp. 147-167.
  • FOSTER, William (1911), Administration of the College Curriculum. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
  • GURALNICK, Stanley (1975), Science and the Ante-bellum American College. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. HALE, Edward E. (1886), “How I Was Educated.” The Forum Vol. 1, pp. 60-61.
  • HALL, Thomas Coming (1930), The Religious Background of American Culture. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • HAMMOND, William Gardiner (1946), Remembrance of Amherst: An Undergraduate Diary, 1846-48. George F. Whicher (ed.). NY: Columbia UP.
  • HARDING, Harold E., introd. (1965), Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres by Hugh Blair Vol. 1 Facs. rpt. Carbondale/ Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.
  • HART, James Morgan (1874), German Universities: A Narrative of Personal Experience. NY: Putnam’s.
  • HERBST, Jurgen (1965), The German Historical School in American Scholarship: A Study in the Transfer of Culture. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
  • HOFSTADTER, Richard (1963), Anti-Intellectualism in American Life. NY: Knopf.
  • HUMANITIES RESOURCE CENTER ONLINE, “Indicator II-1.” 12 May 2013. <http://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/hrcoIIA.aspx#topII1>
  • IBBOTSON, Joseph Darling (ed.) (1922), Documentary History of Hamilton College. Clinton, NY: Hamilton College.
  • JENCKS, Christopher and David Riesman (1968), The Academic Revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • KELLEY, Brooks Mather (1974), Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale UP. MARCH, Francis A. (1893), “Recollections of Language Teaching.” PMLA 8, appendix, xix-xxii.
  • MATTHEWS, Brander (1917), These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker. NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • MORISON, Samuel Eliot (1935), The Founding of Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • --- (1936), Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 1 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS (2012), Digest of Educational Statistics 2011. Washington D.C.: Department of Education.
  • New England’s First Fruits in Respect First of the Conversion of some...of the Indians and Second of the progresse of Learning, in the Colledge at Cambridge, in the Massacusets Bay (1643). London: Henry Overton; rpt. NY: Joseph Sabin, 1865.
  • POOLE, Joshua (1663), Practical Rhetorick. London, 1663; facs. rpt. Menston: Scolar Press, 1972.
  • PORTER, Noah (1870), The American Colleges and the American Public. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield.
  • RUDOLPH, Frederick (1977), Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course Since 1636. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • SCHLESINGER, JR., Arthur (1945), The Age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • SMYTH, Hebert Weir Smyth (1930), “The Classics.” Samuel Eliot Morison (ed.) (1930), The Development of Harvard Since the Inauguration of President Eliot: 1869-1929. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • SMITH, Page (1990), Killing the Spirit: Higher Education in America. NY: Viking.
  • SNOW, Louis (1907), The College Curriculum in the United States. NY: Teachers College, Columbia UP.
  • THWING, Charles Franklin (1906), A History of Higher Education in America. NY: D. Appleton.
  • --- (1928), The American and the German University: One Hundred Years of History. NY: Macmillan.
  • TYLER, William S. (1895), A History of Amherst College During the Administration of its First Five Presidents from 1821 to 1891. NY: Frederick Hitchcock.
  • WAYLAND, Francis (1842), Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the United States. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln.
  • WHITE, Andrew D. (1905), Autobiography. Vol. 1. NY: Century.

The Study of Language and Literature in The Traditional American College (1638-1870)

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 28 - 49, 01.06.2013

Öz

Bu makale, sosyal bilimler ve özellikle de edebiyat ve dil bölümlerinin öğretim programlarında ağırlıklı programlar olduğu ve üniversite öğrencilerinin müfredatlarda neredeyse tamamen öngörüldüğü için bu konulara odaklanmak zorunda oldukları, geleneksel üniversite dönemi olan, Amerikan yüksek öğreniminin ilk dönemini incelemektedir. İlkin geleneksel üniversitenin nasıl yapılandırıldığını, ikinci olarak öngörülen müfredatın hangi konulardan oluştuğunu, üçüncü olarak hangi öğretim yöntemlerinin kullanıldığını ve dördüncü olarak da edebiyat ve dilin nasıl ve neden öğretildiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktayım. Daha sonra, geleneksel üniversitenin sosyal, kültürel ve entelektüel amaçlarını değerlendirecek ve sosyal bilimler, özellikle de edebiyat ve dil çalışmalarının oynadığı rolü tartışacağım. Son olarak, geleneksel üniversite sisteminin çöküşünün nedenlerini ve bu durumun sosyal bilimlerin ve edebiyat ve dil alanlarının akademik çalışmalarındaki etkilerini tartışacağım.

Kaynakça

  • BAGG, Lyman Hotchkiss (1871), Four Years at Yale. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield.
  • BECKER, Carl (1943), Cornell University: Founders and Founding. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
  • BLAU, Joseph, ed. and introd. (1947), Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850. NY: Liberal Arts Press.
  • CAMPBELL, Oscar James (1957), “The Department of English and Comparative Literature.” A History of the Faculty of Philosophy, Columbia University. Introd. J.H. Randall. NY: Columbia UP.
  • CHACE, William M. (2009), “The Decline of the English Department.” The American Scholar Autumn 2009. 12 May 2013. <http://theamericanscholar.org/the-decline-of-the-english-department/>
  • CHAMBERLAIN, Joshua L. (1901), “Universities of Learning.” University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristic. Boston: R. Herndon.
  • CONSER, Walter H. (1933), God and the Natural World: Religion and Science in Antebellum America. Columbia: U of South Carolina P. DEXTER, Franklin Bowditch (1896), Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History, 1745-1763. Vol. 2 NY: Henry Holt.
  • DWIGHT, Timothy (1903), Memories of Yale Life and Men, 1845-1897. NY: Dodd, Mead.
  • ELLIOTT, Philip (1972), The Sociology of the Professions. London: Macmillan.
  • EMERSON, Ralph Waldo (1844), “New England Reformers.” Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson Vol. 3 Joseph Slater et al. (eds.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1983, pp. 147-167.
  • FOSTER, William (1911), Administration of the College Curriculum. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
  • GURALNICK, Stanley (1975), Science and the Ante-bellum American College. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. HALE, Edward E. (1886), “How I Was Educated.” The Forum Vol. 1, pp. 60-61.
  • HALL, Thomas Coming (1930), The Religious Background of American Culture. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • HAMMOND, William Gardiner (1946), Remembrance of Amherst: An Undergraduate Diary, 1846-48. George F. Whicher (ed.). NY: Columbia UP.
  • HARDING, Harold E., introd. (1965), Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres by Hugh Blair Vol. 1 Facs. rpt. Carbondale/ Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.
  • HART, James Morgan (1874), German Universities: A Narrative of Personal Experience. NY: Putnam’s.
  • HERBST, Jurgen (1965), The German Historical School in American Scholarship: A Study in the Transfer of Culture. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
  • HOFSTADTER, Richard (1963), Anti-Intellectualism in American Life. NY: Knopf.
  • HUMANITIES RESOURCE CENTER ONLINE, “Indicator II-1.” 12 May 2013. <http://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/hrcoIIA.aspx#topII1>
  • IBBOTSON, Joseph Darling (ed.) (1922), Documentary History of Hamilton College. Clinton, NY: Hamilton College.
  • JENCKS, Christopher and David Riesman (1968), The Academic Revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • KELLEY, Brooks Mather (1974), Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale UP. MARCH, Francis A. (1893), “Recollections of Language Teaching.” PMLA 8, appendix, xix-xxii.
  • MATTHEWS, Brander (1917), These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker. NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • MORISON, Samuel Eliot (1935), The Founding of Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • --- (1936), Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 1 Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS (2012), Digest of Educational Statistics 2011. Washington D.C.: Department of Education.
  • New England’s First Fruits in Respect First of the Conversion of some...of the Indians and Second of the progresse of Learning, in the Colledge at Cambridge, in the Massacusets Bay (1643). London: Henry Overton; rpt. NY: Joseph Sabin, 1865.
  • POOLE, Joshua (1663), Practical Rhetorick. London, 1663; facs. rpt. Menston: Scolar Press, 1972.
  • PORTER, Noah (1870), The American Colleges and the American Public. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield.
  • RUDOLPH, Frederick (1977), Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course Since 1636. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • SCHLESINGER, JR., Arthur (1945), The Age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • SMYTH, Hebert Weir Smyth (1930), “The Classics.” Samuel Eliot Morison (ed.) (1930), The Development of Harvard Since the Inauguration of President Eliot: 1869-1929. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
  • SMITH, Page (1990), Killing the Spirit: Higher Education in America. NY: Viking.
  • SNOW, Louis (1907), The College Curriculum in the United States. NY: Teachers College, Columbia UP.
  • THWING, Charles Franklin (1906), A History of Higher Education in America. NY: D. Appleton.
  • --- (1928), The American and the German University: One Hundred Years of History. NY: Macmillan.
  • TYLER, William S. (1895), A History of Amherst College During the Administration of its First Five Presidents from 1821 to 1891. NY: Frederick Hitchcock.
  • WAYLAND, Francis (1842), Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the United States. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln.
  • WHITE, Andrew D. (1905), Autobiography. Vol. 1. NY: Century.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dr. Gerard Paulsen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Paulsen, D. G. (2013). The Study of Language and Literature in The Traditional American College (1638-1870). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 28-49.