Athleticism Through the Eyes of Athletes: A Metaphor Study

Öz

In addition to being one of the oldest sports branches known in the history of athletics, it is also used in metaphors (analogy) as the ‘ancestor of sports’ branches. It is also important to know how athletes in this sport see athletics from the many branch bars in it. In this context, the aim of this research is to reveal the sport of athletics from the eyes of athletics athletes through metaphors. The research is in the qualitative research model and it is in the case-science pattern. In the research, 136 (female:59, male: 77) athletes were allowed to participate voluntarily by using the purposeful sampling method. In the research, the said, ‘Athletics is for me...........because it's similar........" an example of a metaphor sentence is used. Content analysis was performed by simulating and coding the reason. As a result, 131 valid answers were taken into consideration. In the analysis of the data, coding and sorting, category development, validity and reliability stages were performed, and frequency (f) and percentage (%) values were determined in the Jamovi 2.3.21.0 statistical program for quantitative analysis. According to the results of the research, 116 valid metaphors and 5 categories were created out of 131 metaphors. The categories were determined as continuity of existence (n:42), source of joy (n:33), philosophy of life (n:20), purpose in sport (n:21) and invalid metaphors (n:15). As a result, it has been seen that athletics athletes produce positive metaphors for athleticism. Metaphors can be used as a tool to motivate athletes in the field of athletics

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Athleticism
• Metaphor
• Simile

Atletlerin Gözünden Atletizm: Bir Metafor Çalışması

Öz

Atletizm spor dalı tarihte bilinen en eski spor dallarının biri olmasının yanında spor dallarının atası olarak da metaforlarda (benzetme) kullanılmaktadır. Atletizm spor dalı eski tarihlerden günümüze kadar popülerliği korumuş ve her zaman ilgi görmüştür. İçerisinde birçok dal barından bu spor dalındaki sporcuların atletizmi nasıl gördüklerini bilmek de önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bu araştırmanın amacı atletizm sporcularının gözünden atletizm spor dalını metaforlar yoluyla ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırma nitel araştırma modelinde olup olgu-bilim desendedir. Araştırmada amaca yönelik örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 136 (kadın:59, erkek:77) atletin gönüllü olarak katılması sağlanmıştır. Araştırmada ‘’Atletizm benim için...........benzer çünkü........’’ metafor cümlesi örneği kullanılmıştır. Benzetilen ve sebebi kodlanarak içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak geçerli 131 cevap değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, kodlama ve ayıklama, kategori geliştirme, geçerlilik ve güvenirlik aşamaları gerçekleştirilmiş ve nicel analiz için Jamovi 2.3.21.0 istatistik programında frekans (f) ile yüzde (%) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre 131 metafordan geçerli 116 metafor ve 5 kategori oluşturulmuştur. Kategoriler; ‘varlığın devamlılığı’, ‘sevinç kaynağı’, ‘hayat felsefesi’, ‘sporda amaç’ ve ‘geçersiz metaforlar’ olarak belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların cinsiyetine göre kadınların varlığın devamlılığı; ‘su’, ‘hayat’, ‘şeker’, erkeklerin ise sevinç kaynağı; ‘hayat’, ‘su’, ‘nefes’, ‘yaşam’ kategorilerinde daha fazla metafor ürettikleri saptanmıştır. Atletizm dalına göre koşularda; ‘su’, atmalarda; ‘hayat’, atlamalarda; ‘kum’, çoklu branşlarda; ‘su’ ve yürüyüşte; ‘yemek’ en çok üretilen metaforlar olmuştur. Sonuç olarak atletizm sporcularının atletizm spor dalına yönelik olumlu metaforlar ürettiği görülmüştür. Atletizm branşındaki sporcuları motive etme noktasında metaforlar birer araç olarak kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atletizm
• Metafor
• Teşbih

Kaynakça

1. Akpınar, Ö., Çolakoğlu, T., Akpınar, S., & Kahraman, A. (2018). Investigation of empathy levels of athletics sports. The Journal of International Social Research, 11(60), 1350-1353. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2880
2. Asensio-Castañeda, E., Navarro, R.M., Chamorro, J.L., & Ospina-Betancurt, J.A. (2023). Holistic vision of the academic and sports development of elite Spanish track and field athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), Article 5153. https://doi.od/10.3390/ijerph20065153
3. Aslan, İ. (2024). An investigation of the relationship between sports commitment, athlete identity perception and psychological endurance in athletics athletes according to their success levels and competition branches. Master's thesis, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Graduate Institute of Education, Ağrı.
4. Avşar, Z., & Yanar-Tunçel, N. (2023). Examination of metaphorical attitudes towards physical education teacher and lesson. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 17(4), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i4.21053
5. Baltacı, A. (2018). A conceptual review of sampling methods and sample size problems in qualitative research. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences, 7(1), 231-274.
6. Bulğay, C., Tingaz, E.O., Bayraktar, I., & Çetin, E. (2022). Athletic performance and mindfulness in track and field athletes. Curr Psychol, 41(7), 4482-4489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00967-y
7. Blanco-García, C., Acebes-Sánchez, J., Rodriguez-Romo, G., & Mon-López, D. (2021). Resilience in sports: sport type, gender, age and sport level differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8196 (1-11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158196
8. Cicioğlu, H. İ., Demir, G. T., Bulğay, C., & Çetin, E. (2019). Exercise addiction levels among elite level athletes and students of sports sciences faculty. Journal of Dependence, 20(1), 12-20.

9. Cnen, T.W., Chiu, Y.C., & Hsu, Y. (2021). Perception of social support provided by coaches, optimism/pessimism, and psychological well-being: Gender differences and mediating effect models. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(2), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120968649
10. Çelebi, E., Gündoğdu, C., Beyazçiçek, Ö., Beyazçiçek, E., & Özmerdivenli, R. (2017). Doping types of athletics sportsmen and determination of the opinions about anti-doping. Konuralp Medical Journal, 9(3), 250-256. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.312903
11. Çoğaltay, N., & Aras, Z.N. (2018). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of ınterview examination which used to teacher selection: an example of metaphor analysis. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences, 7(1), 211-230.
12. De-Saint Preux, A.D., & Blanco, O.M. (2021). The power of conceptual metaphors in the age of pandemic: the influence of the WAR and SPORT domains on emotions and thoughts. Language & Communication, 81, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2021.08.003
13. Efek, E. (2021). The relationship of athletics sport with stress, assertiveness and sportsmanship levels. Master's thesis, Düzce University, Institute of Health Sciences, Düzce.
14. Gabrys, K., & Wontorczyk, A. (2022). A psychological profile of elite polish short track athletes: An analysis of temperamental traits and impulsiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063446
15. General Directorate Sports Services. (2022). 2000-2022 The general distribution of medals and our successful athletes, the number of coaches 2002-2023. Access address: https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/175/105/Istatistikler Access date: 09.08.2024.
16. Girmen, P. (2007). The state of primary school students' use of metaphors in the process of speaking and writing. Doctoral thesis, Eskişehir Anadolu University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Eskişehir.
17. Gundersen, H., Harris, A., Grendstad, H., Kristoffersen, M., Guttormsen, A., Dalen, T., Rygh, C.B. (2022). Performance in youth track and field is associated with birth quartile: A register-based study among athletes in Norway from 10 years to senior level. PLoS One, 17, Article 9e0273472. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273472
18. Güler, B., & Cengiz, Ş.Ş. (2017). Metaphors used by the summer sports school athletes for their coaches. Muş Alparslan University International Journal of Sport Science, 2(3), 18-56.
19. Gür, Y., & Taşkın, A. K. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of disabled athletes in different branches towards coaches and sports. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Science, 7(3), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1149007
20. İnan, M., Dervent, F., & Karadağ, B. (2019). Metaphoric conceptualization of fairplay by sports stakeholders. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Science, 30(2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.339141
21. Karadağ, Ö., Kaya, H.B., & Hoşver, P. (2023). The perceptıons of sports scıences faculty students against the digital technology concept: A metaphor study. Trakya Journal of Education, 13(2), 923-942. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.1100416
22. Kaya, Ö. (2019). Pre-service teachers' exercise addictions and metaphorical perceptions towards exercise. Master's thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
23. Kovecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford.
24. Kurtipek, S. (2019). Determination of the perceptions of individuals who are members of Sports Clubs about the concept of sports club: a metaphor analysis study. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 17(1), 209-145. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.474481
25. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive Science, (4), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(80)80017-6
26. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2010). Metaphors: life, meaning and language (G. Y. DEMİR, Trans.) Paradigma Publishing.
27. Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage Publications.
28. Mobarki, Y.A.A., & Alzahrani, F. (2024). Sports fanaticism as a disease: A corpus-based study of metaphors in Saudi newspapers. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, e1286395. https://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1286395
29. Okur, M. (2021). Determination of the metaphores related to the virus concept of pre-service science teachers in the pandemic process by using phenomenological method. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 18(1), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2021.58
30. Özükan, B. (2003). Atleticism. Boyut Publishing and Trade Joint Stock Company.
31. Parasız, Ö., Halıcı, A., & Eraslan, A. (2021). Metaphorical perceptions of national athletes towards recruited athletes. 19. International Sports Science Congress in the proceedings book (ss.360), Antalya.
32. Pavlidis, A., & Rowe, D. (2021). The sporting bubble as gilded cage: Gendered professional sport in pandemic times and beyond. M/C Journal, 24(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2736
33. Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (Translation Edit.; Bütün, M. & Demir, S. B.), Pegem Academic.
34. Piepiora, P., Migasiewicz, J., & Napieraj, D. (2019). Personality profile of athletes practising endurance disciplines. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(4), 394-402.
35. Sabiston C. M., Jewett, R., Ashdown-Franks, G., Belanger, M., Brunet, J., O’Loughlin, E., & O’Loughlin, J. (2016). Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0175
36. Şimşek, D., & Gökdemir, K. (2006). The reasons of students doing athletics in secondary school tending to athletics and their expectations. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 4(3), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000066
37. TRT Sport Star. (2024). Childish Sports, Athletics. Access address: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wdLzTenOs4 Access date: 15.03.2024.
38. Türkeli, A. (2019). Examination of the preservice teachers’ metaphoric perception about the concept of exercise. İnönü University, Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (IUJPESS), 6(3), 1-11.
39. Turkish Athletics Federation. (2024). Turkish athletics federation branches and measurements. Access address: https://www.taf.org.tr/Haber/Detay/kurallarolculer Access date: 12.07.2024.
40. Walton, C.C., Rice, S., Gao, C.X., Butterworth, M., Clements, M., & Purcell, R. (2021). Gender differences in mental health symptoms and risk factors in Australian elite athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 7(1), Article e000984. http://dx.doi. org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020- 000984
41. Walton, C.C., Gwyther, K., Gao, C.X., Purcell, R., & Rice, S.M. (2024). Evidence of gender imbalance across samples in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 1337-1355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2150981
42. World Athletics. (2024). World athletics member federations. Access address: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations Access date: 17.08.2024
43. Yanar, N., & Akpınar, Ö. (2023). Metaphorical perceptions of female academics in the glass ceiling syndrome. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 6(2), 507-520. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1269776
44. Yapıcı, K., & Ersoy, A. (2003). The factors that prepare the athletics records at the modern olympic games. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (8), 373-390.
45. Yarayan, Y.E., Solmaz, S., Aslan, M., Batrakoulis, A., Al-Mhanna, S.B., & Keskin, K. (2024). Sex differences in athletic performance response to the ımagery and mental toughness of elite middle- and long-distance runners. Sports (Basel), 12(6), 141-(1-12). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12060141
46. Yaşar, T.S. (2021). Determining the perception of the concept of sports in different cultures: a metaphor analysis. Master's thesis, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Graduate Institute of Education, Sakarya.
47. Yıldırım, E., Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R. & Bayraktaroğlu, S. (2015). Research methods in social sciences. Sakarya Bookstore, (8).
48. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Qualitative research methods in social sciences. Seçkin Publishing.