Mega Sport Events and Sustainability

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate mega sport events with the concept of sustainability in economy sub-dimension. In the study, document analysis technique which is one of the qualitative research methods has been applied. Written and visual materials were selected and data were collected and analyzed with descriptive analysis method. With this method, mega sports events were examined in terms of economy sub-dimension. The original aspect of the study is to examine the economic data, negative and positive aspects and specific characteristics of the mega events carried out at different points geographically and demographically specifications in the world, and to consider the future activities that may be beneficial for the post-proposal, event and post-event processes.  In this context, the economic data of the mega events held in different geographical regions in recent years are discussed. In terms of the economic sustainability of the mega events, hosting organizations has certain obligations that are required by organizations such as the International Olympic Committee or FIFA. In recent years, many mega-nomination processes have been developed for our country and certain studies have been carried out to host the organization. With this study, it is thought that the economic aspects of the past experiences of the event will be examined together with the concept of sustainability and it can be beneficial for the countries that are working for the hosting of candidacy processes in our country or international area.

Keywords

• Mega Sport Events,Sustainability,Economy

Mega Spor Etkinlikleri ve Sürdürülebilirlik

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı mega spor etkinliklerinin sürdürülebilirlik kavramı ile birlikte ekonomi alt boyutunda ele alınması olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği uygulanmıştır. Yazılı ve görsel materyaller seçilerek veriler toplanmış ve betimsel analiz yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Bu yöntem ile mega spor etkinlikleri ekonomi alt boyutu yönünden incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın özgün yönü, dünyada coğrafi ve demografik özellikler olarak farklı noktalarda gerçekleştirilen mega etkinliklerin ekonomik verileri, negatif ve pozitif yönleri ile spesifik özelliklerinin incelenerek, gelecekte yapılacak etkinliklerin teklif, etkinlik ve etkinlik sonrası süreçlerine yarar sağlayabileceği düşünülmesidir. Bu kapsamda son yıllarda farklı coğrafi bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen mega etkinliklerin ekonomik verileri ele alınmıştır. Mega etkinliklerin ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği boyutunda, organizasyonlara ev sahipliği yapmanın Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi (IOC) ya da Uluslararası Futbol Federasyonları Birliği (FIFA) gibi kurumlar tarafından istenilen belirli yükümlülükleri vardır. Son yıllarda ülkemiz açısından çeşitli mega etkinliklere adaylık süreçleri gelişmiş olup, organizasyona ev sahipliği yapmak için belirli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile geçmişte yapılan etkinlik deneyimlerinin ekonomik boyutlarının sürdürülebilirlik kavramıyla birlikte incelenerek, ülkemiz ya da uluslararası alanda mega etkinliklere adaylık süreçleri ev sahipliği için çalışmalar yapan ülkeler açısından yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mega Spor Etkinlikleri,Sürdürülebilirlik,Ekonomi

Kaynakça

1. Adenauer-Stiftung, K. (2011). Sustainable mega-events in developing countries: Experiences and insights from host cities in South Africa, India and Brazil.
2. Audit Report on th. XIX Common wealth Games, 2010. Web Erişim: 13.01.2018 https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Civil_XIXth_Commonwealth_Games_6_2011.pdf
3. Baade, R. A., & Matheson, V. A. (2016). Going for the Gold: The economics of the Olympics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 201-18.
4. Dodouras, S., & James, P. (2004). Examining the sustainability impacts of mega-sports events: fuzzy mapping as a new integrated appraisal system.
5. Fifa, Financial Report, 2010 Web Erişim: 14.02.2019 https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-financial-report-2010-1392045.pdf?cloudid=miuql8kpghitm7kdzha2
6. Fıfa, Financial Report,2014 Web Erişim: 10.02.2019 https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/e4e5lkxrbqvgscxgjnhx.pdf
7. Flyvbjerg, B., & Stewart, A. (2012). Olympic proportions: Cost and cost overrun at the Olympics 1960-2012.
8. Güzel, P., Çoknaz, D., & Noordegraaf, M. A. (2009). Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın çevre boyutunda uluslararası olimpiyat komitesi (IOC) uygulamaları ve olimpiyat organizasyonları kapsamında incelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 59-69.

9. Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (Eds.). (2016). Olympic cities: City agendas, planning, and the world’s games, 1896–2020. Routledge.
10. Hall, C. M. (2012). Sustainable mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to mega-event sustainability. Event Management, 16(2), 119-131.
11. Harris, J. M. (2000). Basic principles of sustainable development. Dimensions of Sustainable Developmnet, 21-41.
12. Hiller, H. H. (1998). Assessing the impact of mega-events: a linkage model. Current issues in tourism, 1(1), 47-57.
13. International Olympic Committee. (2009). Report of the 2016 IOC evaluation commission. Games of the XXXI Olympiad. Consultato il, 10(12), 2009. Web Erişim: 24.02.2018 https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Host-City-Elections/XXXI-Olympiad-2016/Report-of-the-IOC-Evaluation-Commission-for-the-Games-of-the-XXXI-Olympiad-in-2016.pdf
14. International Olympic Committee, (2017). Sustainabilility Strategy, 2017 Web Erişim: 21.01.2019 https://www.olympic.org/~/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference Documents/Sustainability/IOC-Sustainability-Strategy-Long-version-v12.pdf?la=en
15. Jago, L. K., & Shaw, R. N. (1998). Special events: A conceptual and definitional framework. Festival management and event tourism, 5(1-2), 21-32.
16. Kaplanidou, K. K., Al Emadi, A., Sagas, M., Diop, A., & Fritz, G. (2016). Business legacy planning for mega events: The case of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4103-4111.
17. Li, S., & McCabe, S. (2013). Measuring the Socio‐Economic Legacies of Mega‐events: Concepts, Propositions and Indicators. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 388-402.
18. Matheson, V. A., & Baade, R. A. (2004). Mega‐sporting events in developing nations: playing the way to prosperity?. South African journal of economics, 72(5), 1085-1096.
19. Mills, B. M., & Rosentraub, M. S. (2013). Hosting mega-events: A guide to the evaluation of development effects in integrated metropolitan regions. Tourism Management, 34, 238-246.
20. Müller, M. (2017). Approaching paradox: Loving and hating mega-events. Tourism Management, 63, 234-241.
21. Public Accounts Committee. (2008). The Budget for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, Fourteenth Report of Session 2007–08. Web Erişim: 13.02.2019 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmpubacc/85/85.pdf
22. Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of sport & tourism, 12(3-4), 207-228.
23. Preuss, H. (2009). Opportunity costs and efficiency of investments in mega sport events. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(2), 131-140.
24. Preuss, H., Andreff, W., & Weitzmann, M. (2019). Cost and Revenue overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH.
25. Raj, R., Walters, P., & Rashid, T. (2017). Events management: principles and practice. Sage.
26. Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India fort the year ended 31 March 2011 on XIX Commonwealth Games-2010. Web Erişim: 19.01.2019 http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/CAG%20CWG.pdf
27. Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984). Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23, 2–11.
28. Ritchie, J. B., & Yangzhou, J. (1987, August). The role and impact of mega-events and attractions on national and regional tourism: a conceptual and methodological overview. In Proceedings of the 37th Congress of AIEST (Vol. 28, pp. 17-57).
29. Ritchie, J. B. (2000). Turning 16 days into 16 years through Olympic legacies. Event management, 6(3), 155-165.
30. Sartori, M. (2017). Hosting a Mega-Event: Is it Good or Bad for the Economy? General Equilibrium Models as a Litmus Paper Test. University Ca'Foscari of Venice, Dept. of Economics Research Paper Series No, 21.
31. Theodoraki, E. (2016). 2.3 The problem with sporting mega-event impact assessment. In Global Corruption Report: Sport(pp. 169-177). Routledge.
32. WCED-World Commission on Environment and Development, Report of the World Commission On Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Annex to document A/42/427- Development and International Co-operation: Environment. [http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm#I], 1987. Web Erişim: 25.12.2018 http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm#I
33. XXI Commonwealth Games Gold Coast 2018 Annual Report 2017-2018 Web Erişim: 17.01.2019 https://gc2018.com/sites/default/files/2018-10/GOLDOC-Annual-Report-2017-2018.pdf.
34. 2018 Commonwealth Games: Progress (Report 9: 2014-2015) Web Erişim: 15.01.2019 https://www.qao.qld.gov.au/reports-parliament/2018-commonwealth-games-progress.