Araştırma Makalesi
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Bilardo Oyuncularında Kognitif Becerilerin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 854 - 861, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667

Öz

Bu çalışmada farklı seviyelerdeki bilardo oyuncuları arasında, reaksiyon süresi, hız mesafe tahmin, nonverbal zekâ gibi beynin kognitif becerileri arasındaki farklılıkların sayısal verilerle ortaya konması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma popülasyonunu 18-35 yaş arası profesyonel ve amatör erkek bilardo oyuncuları oluşturmuştur. Tepki süresi, hız-mesafe tahmini ve muhakeme gibi kognitif yetenekler Viyana Test Sistemi (Schuhfried GmbH Moedling, Austria) ile ölçüldü. İstatistiksel analizler Mann-Whitney U Test ve Pearson korelasyon test uygulanarak SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc, USA) kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Profesyonel bilardo oyuncularının reaksiyon süresi ve Hız-Mesafe Tahminleri, amatör bilardo oyuncularına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek çıkmıştır (p=0,034, p=0,012). Amatör oyuncularda stres altında karar verme yeteneği profesyonel bilardoculara göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür (p=0,155). Ayrıca profesyonel bilardo oyuncularında bilardo puanları ile hız-mesafe tahmin etme becerileri arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r = 0,102, p = 0,766). Test sonuçları, oyuncular arasında bilişsel beceriler ile bilardo puanları arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir ve stresin test puanları üzerine olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bilardo sporunun beynin üst fonksiyonları olan bilişsel beceriler üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu gözlemlendi. Bilardonun beyin gelişimi için faydalı olabileceği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak bilardo federasyonu gibi sivil toplum kuruluşları ile iş birlikleri yapılarak bilardonun eğitim kurumlarında ve ülke geneline yaygınlaştırılmasının faydalı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bilardo Federasyonu Başkanlığı'na, Federasyon Başkanı Sn. Ersan Ercan'a, Milli Bilardo Oyuncuları Sn. Tayfun Taşdemir, Sn. Murat Naci Çoklu, Sn. Adnan Yüksel'e, Sn. Hasan Bora GÜL' e ve Sn. Ali Rıza Talan'a çalışmaya katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Abernethy, B., Neal, R. J., & Koning, P. (1994). Visual-perceptual and cognitive differences between expert, intermediate, and novice snooker players. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 185 – 211. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350080302
  • Balser, N., Lorey, B., Pilgramm, S., Naumann, T., Kindermann, S., Stark R., Zentgraf, K., Williams, A. M., & Munzert, J. (2014). The Influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyball serves. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00568
  • Corrado, D., Vitali, F., Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2015). Self-efficacy, emotional states, and performance in carom billiards. Perceptual & Motor Skills: Exercise & Sport, 121(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.PMS.121c11x6
  • Gil-Arias, A., Moreno, M. P., Garcia-Mas, A., Moreno, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, L., & Del Villar, F. (2016). Reasoning and action: Implementation of a decision-making program in sport. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E60, 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/sjp.2016.58
  • Gil-Arias, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, L., Del Villar Alvarez, F., & Iglesias Gallego, D. (2019). Developing sport expertise in youth sport: A Decision training program in basketball. Peer J., 7, Article e7392. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7392
  • Pekdemir, H. (2019). Bilardoda başarılı sporcuların müsabaka performanslarının süre kullanım ve vuruş tercihleri açısından incelenmesi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
  • Hujigen, B. C. H., Leemhuis, S., Kok, N. M., Verburgh, L., Oosterlaan, J., Elferink-Gemser M. T., & Visscher, C. (2015). Cognitive functions in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13 to 17 years, PLoS ONE, 10(12), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144580
  • Kioumourtzoglou, E., Derri, V., Tzetzis, G., & Theodorakis, Y. (1998). Cognitive, perceptual, and motor abilities in skilled basketball performance, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 771-786. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.771
  • Kredel, R., Vater, C., Klostermann, A., & Hossner, E. (2017). Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A Systematic review of 40 years of research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01845
  • Kornfeind, P., Baca, A., Boindl, T., Kettlgruber, A., & Gollnhuber, G. (2015). Movement variability of professional billiards billiards players on selected tasks. Procedia Engineering, 112, 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.240
  • Lin, Y. N., Hsia, L. H., & Hwang, G. J. (2021). promoting pre-class guidance and in-class reflection: A SQIRC-based mobile flipped learning approach to promoting students’ billiards skills, strategies, motivation and self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 160, 104035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104035
  • Morris, N. K. (2011). Perception, Cognition, and Action in the Execution of a Motor Skill, Undergraduate thesis, Miami University. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. Retrieved from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303917744
  • Mustafovic, E., Causevic, D., Covic, N., Ibrahimovic, M., Alic, H., Abazovic, E., & Masic, S. (2020). Talent identification in youth football: A Systematic review. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 4, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.201007
  • Ong, N. C. H. (2015). The use of the Vienna Test System in sport psychology research: A Review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1061581
  • Posthumus, L., Macgregor, C., Winwood, P., Darry, K., Driller, M., & Gill, N. (2020). Physical and fitness characteristics of elite professional rugby union players. Sports, 8(6), 85, Article 32517080. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8060085
  • Rodrigues, S.T., Vickers, J. N., & Williams, M. A. (2002). Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 187-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404102317284754
  • Rogaleva, L. N., Kim, A. M., Makhanova, S. S., Galysheva, S. M., & Mamaeva, I. I. (2022). Attention, pre-competitive state and mental reliability of billiard players depending on the level of sports qualification. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, Article 11, 15-18. http://tpfk.ru/index.php/TPPC/article/view/435/324
  • Romeas, T., Guldner, A., & Faubert, J. (2016). 3D-multiple object tracking training task improves passing decision-making accuracy in soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.002
  • Schefke, T., & Gronek, P. (2011). Improving attentional processes in sport: Sport specific issues during effective playing time. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 18(1), 9-17. Retrieved from: https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/157804/PDF/02_Schefke_REV.pdf
  • Schuhfried, G. (2012). Vienna test system guide. Retrieved from: http://www.schuhfried.com/fileadmin/content/2_Kataloge_2012_en/Vienna_Test_System_Traffıc_2012_Schuhfrıed.Pdf. 01.01.2012
  • Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State-trait anxiety ınventory for adults, manual, ınstrument and scoring guide, American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000
  • TBF. (2018). Türkiye Klasmanı. https://turnuva.bilardo.gov.tr/klasmanstatic.aspx Erişim tarihi: 13.07.2018.
  • Travassos, B., Araújo, D., Davids, K., Hara, K,O., Leitão, J., & Cortinhas, A. (2013). Expertise effects on decision-making in sport are constrained by requisite response behaviours: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,14, 211 – 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.11.002

Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 854 - 861, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to reveal differences between the cognitive skills of the brain such as reaction time, speed distance estimation, nonverbal intelligence between different grade billiards players with numerical data. Research population consisted of professional and amateur male billiards players between the ages of 18-35. Cognitive abilities such as reaction time, speed-distance estimation, and judgment were measured with Vienna Test System (Schuhfried GmbH Moedling, Austria). The data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U Test and Pearson correlation test. All statistical analysis were calculated using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, USA). Reaction time and Speed-Distance Estimates of professional billiards players were statistically significantly higher than amateur billiards players (p=0.034, p=0.012). It was observed that the ability to make decisions under stress was higher in amateur players than in professional billiards players (p=0.155). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between billiards scores and speed-distance estimation skills in professional billiards players (r=0.102, p=0.766). The test results indicate a positive correlation between players' cognitive skills and billiards scores, while concurrently revealing that stress negatively impacts test scores. It was observed that sport of billiards had a positive effect on cognitive skills, which are upper functions of the brain. It has been determined that billiards may be beneficial for brain development. As a result, it was concluded that it would be beneficial to expand the billiards in educational institutions and throughout country by cooperating with non-governmental organizations such as billiard federation.

Kaynakça

  • Abernethy, B., Neal, R. J., & Koning, P. (1994). Visual-perceptual and cognitive differences between expert, intermediate, and novice snooker players. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 185 – 211. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350080302
  • Balser, N., Lorey, B., Pilgramm, S., Naumann, T., Kindermann, S., Stark R., Zentgraf, K., Williams, A. M., & Munzert, J. (2014). The Influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyball serves. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00568
  • Corrado, D., Vitali, F., Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2015). Self-efficacy, emotional states, and performance in carom billiards. Perceptual & Motor Skills: Exercise & Sport, 121(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.PMS.121c11x6
  • Gil-Arias, A., Moreno, M. P., Garcia-Mas, A., Moreno, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, L., & Del Villar, F. (2016). Reasoning and action: Implementation of a decision-making program in sport. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E60, 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/sjp.2016.58
  • Gil-Arias, A., Garcia-Gonzalez, L., Del Villar Alvarez, F., & Iglesias Gallego, D. (2019). Developing sport expertise in youth sport: A Decision training program in basketball. Peer J., 7, Article e7392. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7392
  • Pekdemir, H. (2019). Bilardoda başarılı sporcuların müsabaka performanslarının süre kullanım ve vuruş tercihleri açısından incelenmesi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
  • Hujigen, B. C. H., Leemhuis, S., Kok, N. M., Verburgh, L., Oosterlaan, J., Elferink-Gemser M. T., & Visscher, C. (2015). Cognitive functions in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13 to 17 years, PLoS ONE, 10(12), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144580
  • Kioumourtzoglou, E., Derri, V., Tzetzis, G., & Theodorakis, Y. (1998). Cognitive, perceptual, and motor abilities in skilled basketball performance, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 771-786. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.771
  • Kredel, R., Vater, C., Klostermann, A., & Hossner, E. (2017). Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A Systematic review of 40 years of research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01845
  • Kornfeind, P., Baca, A., Boindl, T., Kettlgruber, A., & Gollnhuber, G. (2015). Movement variability of professional billiards billiards players on selected tasks. Procedia Engineering, 112, 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.240
  • Lin, Y. N., Hsia, L. H., & Hwang, G. J. (2021). promoting pre-class guidance and in-class reflection: A SQIRC-based mobile flipped learning approach to promoting students’ billiards skills, strategies, motivation and self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 160, 104035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104035
  • Morris, N. K. (2011). Perception, Cognition, and Action in the Execution of a Motor Skill, Undergraduate thesis, Miami University. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. Retrieved from: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303917744
  • Mustafovic, E., Causevic, D., Covic, N., Ibrahimovic, M., Alic, H., Abazovic, E., & Masic, S. (2020). Talent identification in youth football: A Systematic review. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 4, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.201007
  • Ong, N. C. H. (2015). The use of the Vienna Test System in sport psychology research: A Review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1061581
  • Posthumus, L., Macgregor, C., Winwood, P., Darry, K., Driller, M., & Gill, N. (2020). Physical and fitness characteristics of elite professional rugby union players. Sports, 8(6), 85, Article 32517080. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8060085
  • Rodrigues, S.T., Vickers, J. N., & Williams, M. A. (2002). Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 187-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404102317284754
  • Rogaleva, L. N., Kim, A. M., Makhanova, S. S., Galysheva, S. M., & Mamaeva, I. I. (2022). Attention, pre-competitive state and mental reliability of billiard players depending on the level of sports qualification. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, Article 11, 15-18. http://tpfk.ru/index.php/TPPC/article/view/435/324
  • Romeas, T., Guldner, A., & Faubert, J. (2016). 3D-multiple object tracking training task improves passing decision-making accuracy in soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.002
  • Schefke, T., & Gronek, P. (2011). Improving attentional processes in sport: Sport specific issues during effective playing time. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 18(1), 9-17. Retrieved from: https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/157804/PDF/02_Schefke_REV.pdf
  • Schuhfried, G. (2012). Vienna test system guide. Retrieved from: http://www.schuhfried.com/fileadmin/content/2_Kataloge_2012_en/Vienna_Test_System_Traffıc_2012_Schuhfrıed.Pdf. 01.01.2012
  • Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State-trait anxiety ınventory for adults, manual, ınstrument and scoring guide, American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000
  • TBF. (2018). Türkiye Klasmanı. https://turnuva.bilardo.gov.tr/klasmanstatic.aspx Erişim tarihi: 13.07.2018.
  • Travassos, B., Araújo, D., Davids, K., Hara, K,O., Leitão, J., & Cortinhas, A. (2013). Expertise effects on decision-making in sport are constrained by requisite response behaviours: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,14, 211 – 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.11.002
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Necip Kutlu 0000-0003-4873-4989

Beste Menteşe 0000-0001-5355-1402

Şüheda Alpay 0000-0003-3775-8491

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kutlu, N., Menteşe, B., & Alpay, Ş. (2023). Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 854-861. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667
AMA Kutlu N, Menteşe B, Alpay Ş. Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players. CBÜ BESBD. Aralık 2023;18(2):854-861. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667
Chicago Kutlu, Necip, Beste Menteşe, ve Şüheda Alpay. “Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 854-61. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667.
EndNote Kutlu N, Menteşe B, Alpay Ş (01 Aralık 2023) Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18 2 854–861.
IEEE N. Kutlu, B. Menteşe, ve Ş. Alpay, “Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players”, CBÜ BESBD, c. 18, sy. 2, ss. 854–861, 2023, doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667.
ISNAD Kutlu, Necip vd. “Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18/2 (Aralık 2023), 854-861. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667.
JAMA Kutlu N, Menteşe B, Alpay Ş. Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18:854–861.
MLA Kutlu, Necip vd. “Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 18, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 854-61, doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1271667.
Vancouver Kutlu N, Menteşe B, Alpay Ş. Assesment of Cognitive Skills in Billiards Players. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18(2):854-61.