Perceptions of Teachers about Information and Communication Technologies (ICT): A Study of Metaphor Analysis

Abstract

This study aimed to examine metaphorical conceptions of high school teachers (n=224) in Turkey about information and communication technologies (ICT). Phenomenological research design was adopted to examine teachers’ perceptions about ICT in the current study. The results of the study showed that teachers produced a total of 46 valid metaphors clustered under five (knowledge source, guide, reform, plant, and problem) main conceptual categories. Although teachers produced a large number of metaphors, there was no significant differences between their metaphorical conceptions about ICT with regard to gender.

Keywords

• ICT,Metaphor analysis

Kaynakça

1. Akdemir, O., Bicer, D., & Parmaksiz, R. S. (2015). Prospective teachers’ information and communication technology metaphors. World Journal on Educational Technology, 7(1), 9-21.
2. Alpaslan, S. (2007). A comparison of metaphors of management in industry and information societies (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sakarya University, Turkey.
3. Altun, T. (2002). Factors influencing teachers’ change in classroom practice due to introduction of information and communications technology (ICT) in Turkey (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
4. Arnett, R. C. (1999). Metaphorical guidance: Administration as building and renovation. Journal of Educational Administration, 37(1), 80-89.
5. Aypay, A. (2011). The adaptation of the teaching-learning conceptions questionnaire and its relationships with epistemological beliefs. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11(1), 21-29.
6. Bas, G. (2015). Correlation between teachers’ philosophy of education beliefs and their teaching-learning conceptions. Education and Science, 40(182), 111-126.
7. Bas, G. (2014). Ilkogretim ogretmenlerinin ogretme-ogrenme anlayislarinin bazi degiskenler acisindan degerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of elementary school teachers’ teaching-learning conceptions in terms of different variables]. Dicle Universitesi Ziya Gokalp Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 22, 18-30. 334
8. Beijaard, D., Verloop, N., & Vermunt, J. D. (2000). Teachers’ perceptions of professional identity: An exploratory study from a personal knowledge perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 749-764.

9. Bingimlas, K. A. (2009). Barriers to the successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning environments: A review of the literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science &Technology Education, 5(3), 235-245.
10. Blurton, C. (1999). New directions in ICT-use in education. Paris: UNESCO.
11. Borich, G. D. (2014). Effective teaching methods: Research-based practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
12. Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Tsai, C. C., & Tan, L. L. W. (2011). Modeling primary school pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT). Computers & Education, 57(1), 1184-1193.
13. Ciftci, S., Taskaya, S. M., & Alemdar, M. (2013). The opinions of classroom teachers about FATIH project. Elementary Education Online, 12(1), 227-240.
14. Creswell, J. W. (1998) Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Coklar, A. N. & Bagci, H. (2010). What are the roles of prospective teachers on the educational technology use: A metaphor study. World Journal on Educational Technology, 2(3), 186-195.
16. Davies, J. & Brember, I. (2001). The closing gap in attitudes between boys and girls: A 5-year longitudinal study. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 103-114.
17. Dundar, H. & Akcayir, M. (2014). Implementing tablet PCs in schools: Students’ attitudes and opinions. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 40-46.
18. Ellis, R. (1998). The metaphorical constructions of second language learners. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Conference. Seattle, WA.
19. Erdogan, T. & Gok, B. (2008). An examination of primary school teacher candidates’ perceptions about technology through metaphor analysis. Paper presented at the 8th International Educational Technology Conference. Eskisehir, Turkey.
20. Ergin, B., Sahin, M., & Erisen, Y. (2013). Prospective pre-school teachers’ perceptions of “child”: A study of metaphors. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 4(4), 88-101.
21. Farrell, T. S. C. (2006). ‘The teacher is an octopus’: Uncovering preservice English language teachers’ prior beliefs through metaphor analysis. Regional Language Centre Journal, 37(2), 236-248.
22. Fraenkel, J. R. & Norman E. W. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
23. Gecer, A. (2013). Determination of the computer self-efficacy perception of students and metaphors noted to computer ownership. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(3), 51-71.
24. Gilbert, J. & Kelly, R. (2005). Frontiers and frontlines: Metaphors describing lecturers’ attitudes to ICT adoption. Educational Technology & Society, 8(3), 110-121. 335
25. Gok, B. & Erdogan, T. (2010). Investigation of pre-service teachers’ perception about concept of technology trough metaphor analysis. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(2), 145-160.
26. Goktas, Y., Gedik, N., & Baydas, O. (2013). Enablers and barriers to the use of ICT in primary schools in Turkey: A comparative study of 2005–2011. Computers & Education, 68, 211-222.
27. Goktas, Y., Yildirim, Z., & Yildirim, S. (2009). Investigation of K-12 teachers’ ICT competencies and the contributing factors in acquiring these competencies. The New Educational Review, 17(1), 276-294.
28. Goktas, Y., Yildirim, Z., & Yildirim, S. (2008). The keys for ICT integration in K-12 education: Teachers’ perceptions and usage. Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 34,127-139.
29. Gurol, M. & Donmus, V. (2010). Metaphors created by prospective teachers related to the concept of “social network”. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1489-1496.
30. Higgins, S. J. (2003). Does ICT improve learning and teaching in schools? Southwell: British Educational Research Association.
31. Huang, H. M. & Liaw, S. S. (2005). Exploring users’ attitudes and intentions toward the web as a survey tool. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(5), 729-743.
32. Inan, F. A. & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154.
33. Karadeniz, S. (2012). School administrators, ICT coordinators and teachers’ metaphorical conceptualizations of technology. Education, 2(5), 101-111.
34. Kalra, M. B. & Baveja, B. (2012). Teacher thinking about knowledge, learning and learners: A metaphor analysis. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 317-326.
35. Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2012). Learning and teaching: Research-based methods (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Kobak, M., & Taskin, N. R. (2012). Prospective teachers’ perceptions of using technology in three different ways. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3629-3636.
36. Koc, M. (2013). Student teachers’ conceptions of technology: A metaphor analysis. Computers & Education, 68, 1-8.
37. Kozma, R. B. (2011). The potential of ICT to support education change. Transforming Education: The Power of ICT policies (pp. 19-34). Paris: UNESCO.
38. Krippendorf, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Kucuk, M. & Yalcin, Y. (2014). Turkish elementary school teacher candidates’ technology metaphors. Turkish Journal of Teacher Education, 3(1), 53-63.
40. Kurt, A. A., Kuzu, A., Dursun, O. O., Gullepinar, F., & Gultekin, M. (2013). Evaluation of the pilot application process of the FATIH Project: Teacher views. Journal of Instructional Technologies & Teacher Education, 2(1), 1-23.
41. Lai, K. W. & Pratt, K. (2004). Information and communication technology (ICT) in secondary schools: The role of the computer coordinator. British Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 461-475. 336
42. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
43. Leavy, A. M., McSorley, F. A., & Boté, L. A. (2007). An examination of what metaphor construction reveals about the evolution of pre-service teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 1217-1233.
44. Light, D. (2009). The role of ICT in enhancing education in developing countries: Findings from an evaluation of the Intel® teach Essentials course in India, Turkey, and Chile. Journal of Education for International Development, 4(2), 52-66.
45. Livingstone, S. (2012). Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1), 9-24. Loveless, A. M. (2003). The interaction between primary teachers’ perceptions of ICT and their pedagogy. Education and Information Technologies, 8(4), 313-326.
46. Marvin, C. (1997). When old technologies were new. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Mims, C., Polly, D., Shepherd, C., & Inan, F. (2006). Examining PT3 projects designed to improve preservice education. TechTrends, 50(3), 16–24.
49. Morgan, G. (1998). Metaphor in management and organisation theories. Istanbul: MESS.
50. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
51. OECD (1999). Knowledge management in the learning society. Paris: OECD/CERI.
52. Oxford, R. L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., & Saleh, A. (1998). Clashing metaphors about classroom teachers: Toward a systematic typology for the language teaching field. System, 26, 3-50.
53. Ozdemir, S. & Kilic, E. (2007). Integrating information and communication technologies in the Turkish primary school system. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(5), 907-916.
54. Papanastasiou, E. C. & Angeli, C. (2008). Evaluating the use of ICT in education: Psychometric properties of the survey of factors affecting teachers teaching with technology (SFA-T3). Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 69-86.
55. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Pelgrum, W. J. (2001). Obstacles to the integration of ICT in education: Results from a worldwide educational assessment. Computers & Education, 37(2), 163-178.
57. Saban, A. (2008). Okula iliskin metaforlar [Metaphors in relation to school]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yonetimi, 55(55), 459–496. Saban, A., Kocbeker, B. N., & Saban, A. (2007). Prospective teachers’ conceptions of teaching and learning revealed through metaphor analysis. Learning and Instruction, 17, 123-139.
58. Saban, A., Kocbeker, B. N., & Saban, A. (2006). An investigation of the concept of teacher among prospective teachers through metaphor analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 6(2), 509-522. 337
59. Sang, G., Valcke, M., van Braak, J., & Tondeur, J. (2010). Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology. Computers & Education, 54(1), 103-112.
60. Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341-362.
61. Shaw, D. M., & Mahlios, M. (2011). Literacy metaphors of pre-service teachers: Do they change after instruction? Which metaphors are stable? How do they connect to theories? Journal of Education for Teaching, 37(1), 77-92.
62. Smeets, E. (2005). Does ICT contribute to powerful learning environments in primary education? Computers & Education, 44(3), 343-355.
63. Somyurek, S., Atasoy, B., & Ozdemir, S. (2009). Board’s IQ: What makes a board smart? Computers & Education, 53(2), 368-374.
64. Teo, T. (2008). Pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards computer use: A Singapore survey. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(4), 413-424.
65. Tezci, E. (2010). Attitudes and knowledge level of teachers in ICT use: The case of Turkish teachers. International Journal of Human Sciences, 7(2), 19-44.
66. Thomas, L. & Bauchamp, C. (2011). Understanding new teachers’ professional identities through metaphor. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(4), 762-769.
67. Tondeur, J., Valcke, M., & van Braak, J. (2008). A multi dimensional approach to determinants of computer use in primary education: Teacher and school characteristics. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(6), 494–506.
68. Tondeur, J., van Keer, H., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). ICT integration in the classroom: Challenging the potential of a school policy. Computers & Education, 51(1), 212–223.
69. Uluyol, C. (2013). ICT integration in Turkish schools: Recall where you are coming from to recognize where you are going to. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(1), E10–E13.
70. Watson, D. M. (2001). Pedagogy before technology: Re-thinking the relationship between ICT and teaching. Education and Information technologies, 6(4), 251–266.
71. Wilson, D. N. (2003). The future of comparative and international education in a globalised world. International Review of Education, 49(1-2), 15–33.
72. Yilmaz, M. B. (2011). Opinions of primary school teachers on their students’ ICT skills and information technologies course. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 503–509. Yilmaz, K. & Altinkurt, Y. (2011). Views of prospective teachers about the problems of the Turkish education system. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 942-973.
73. Zhao, H., Coombs, S., & Zhou, X. (2010). Developing professional knowledge about teachers through metaphor research: facilitating a process of change. Teacher Development, 14(3), 381-395.